In Turkey, this was the first time that Acanthamoeba jacobsi (T15) was detected in water samples.

Objective: Acanthamoeba species are the ubiquities free-living amoebae and can infect humans, causing diseases such as keratitis and encephalitis. Acanthamoeba species are often grown on non-nutrient agar spread with Escherichia coli or peptone-yeast extract-glucose. We investigated the amount of growth of Acanthamoeba in different axenic and monoxenic media.Methods: The non-nutrient agar with Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aeurous, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used as monoxenic media. The encystation, mycological peptone-maltose, peptone yeast extract glucose, roswell park memorial institute 1640 and trypticase beef hemoglobine media were used as axenic media.Results: We compared the growth of Acanthamoeba species in different axenic and monoxenic media in this study. In relation to the growth rate, the non-nutrient agar with Pseudomonas aeuroginosa had the highest values achieved among monoxenic media and roswell park memorial institute 1640 media was the highest value among axenic media.Conclusion: In view of the results, we can affirm that these monoxenic media are adequate to grow of Acanthamoeba species. In addition, a classic and basic medium that supports the growth of Acanthamoeba species consists of peptone yeast extract glucose. However, the roswell park memorial institute 1640 media was an excellent commercially available media for the growth of Acanthamoeba and it was able to keep Acanthamoeba by long periods of time.

Leishmaniasis, presenting in two clinical forms, cutaneous and visceral in Turkey, is widespread in most of the countries in the Mediterranean Basin. An average of 10 to 13% of cases are reported from Adana every year. This paper presents the results of an entomological survey in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Imamoglu province of Adana in Turkey.We collected 654 sand fly specimen using 100 light traps in 20 nights in August 2013 and July 2014. Several keys and previous drawings were used in the identification of the species. In total, six Phlebotomus species were identified; Phlebotomus tobbi (50.3%), Phlebotomus papatasi (34%), Phlebotomus perfiliewi (2.9%), Phlebotomus sergenti (0.4%), Phlebotomus neglectus/syriacus (0.8%), and Sergentomyia spp. (11.5%). In addition, the female/male rate was found to be 0.84.Collected sand flies (44 pools of 1-10 individuals) were analyzed microscopically, and no promastigotes were found in the midgut specimens. Using a genus specific real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of Old Word Leishmania. We detected only 3 of the 44 pools with Leishmania by genus-specific real-time PCR assay.P. tobbi was found to be dominant species in spite of the differences in sand fly fauna composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for sand fly fauna including 15 villages where endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Imamoglu, Adana Province, Turkey.

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Öz Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, responsible for intracellular calcium homocysteine, lipid synthesis, processing and folding of proteins. The cellular response that occurs in the event of increased folded or unfolded proteins is called endoplasmic reticulum stress. In order to adapt to changing environmental conditions, it is attempted to adapt with the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), a mechanism that has been preserved evolutionarily. However, in cases where endoplasmic reticulum stress can not be resolved, cell death is triggered via apoptosis. Several molecules such as C/EBP-Homologous Protein (CHOP), A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP K) cascade, BCL2 associated X protein (Bax / Bak), Inositolrequiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and caspase-12 are involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress induces apoptosis pathway. Endoplasmic reticulum stress has a great influence on cancer cell proliferation and survival. Recent investigations have shown that endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response play an important role in cancer. Since the existence of some mechanisms that are not fully understood in the unfolded protein response triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress has affected negatively the process of treatment, fully clarification of these mechanisms leads to understanding of diseases and the development of new treatment strategies. In this review, how the cancer cells can survive via endoplasmic reticulum stress response and proliferation will be discussed in the unfolded protein response axis and an overview will be given to the underlying molecular mechanisms.