In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean +/- SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 +/- 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 +/- 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 +/- 3.891, a facial index-1 of 81.67 +/- 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 +/- 1.425, a basal index-1 of 57.91 +/- 1.365, a length-length index-2 of 1.08 +/- 0.045, a length-width index-2 of 1.99 +/- 0.041, a length-width index-4 of 2.18 +/- 0.108, a palatal index-1 of 62.24 +/- 2.528, a palatal index-2 of 65.37 +/- 2.208, a palato-basal ratio of 55.44 +/- 1.975, a palato-basal ratio-1 of 54.47 +/- 1.716, a palato-palatine ratio of 33.71 +/- 0.860, a palato-palatine ratio-1 of 34.30 +/- 0.733, a cranio-facial ratio of 107.87 +/- 4.819 and a cranio-facial ratio-1 of 144.17 +/- 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff-like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed.

The investigations were carried out on 37 skulls from the Van-Yoncatepe early Iron Age necropolis (in eastern Anatolia) (first group) and 11 skulls from the scythians castle from Bileskoje Iron Age (second group). The major distance between both occipital condyles and both bases of the jugular processes, the major width of the foramen magnum, height of the foramen magnum, height of the skull, height of the occipital triangle and the length of the dorsal notch were measured. A dorsal notch was present in seven dogs (six male and one female) from Van-Yoncatepe. The average length of the dorsal notch was 2.5 mm. The investigation states that the dorsal notch occurred in dogs from the Iron Age. This anatomical formation had no association with their death.

Summary:It is known that the kidney size is related to body height, body surface area and body weight. In the present study we propose the volume fraction approach of stereological methods that eliminate the effects of body size over the quantitative evaluation of cortex, medulla and pelvis of kidney. Kidneys were removed from 20 Kivircik sheeps and their volumes were measured using the Archimedean principle. The total volume and volume of its components and the volume fraction of cortex, medulla and the pelvis were estimated stereologically. The mean kidney volumes were 61.3±12.7cm 3 and 59.7±12.8cm 3 , using the Archimedean and the Cavalieri principles, respectively. The obtained values were not found to be significantly different (p>0.05). The kidney was composed of 69.7±3.0% cortex, 27.1±2.9% medulla and 3.2±0.7% pelvis. Our results show that the stereological method applied in this study provides unbiased data about the volumetric characteristics of kidney and can be used on physical section of the evaluation of the volume and volume fractions of kidney and its subcomponents.Key words: Cavalieri principle, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, stereology Böbrek değerlendirmesi için hacimsel oran metodu: Stereolojik çalışmaÖzet: Böbrek büyüklüğünün, vücut yüksekliği, vücut yüzey alanı ve vücut ağırlığı ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, korteks, medulla ve böbrek pelvisinin rakamsal değerlendirilmesi üzerinde vücut büyüklüğünün etkilerini elimine etmek amacı ile, stereolojik metodlardan hacimsel oran yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Materyal olarak 20 adet Kıvırcık koyunundan elde edilen böbreklerin hacmi Arşimed prensibi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca bu böbreklerin toplam hacmi ve korteks, medulla ve pelvis bölümlerinin hacmi stereolojik olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Arşimed ve Cavalier metodları kullanılarak elde edilen ortalama böbrek hacimleri sırası ile, 61.3±12.7 cm 3 ve 59.7±12.8 cm 3 olarak ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Böbrek, %69.7±3.0 korteks, %27.1±2.9 medulla ve %3.2±0.7 pelvis'den oluşmaktadır. Sonuçlarımız gösterir ki, bu çalışmada kullanılan stereolojik metodlar, böbreğin hacimsel karakteristikleri hakkında ön yargısız bilgi sağlar ve böbrek hacmi, hacimsel oranları ve alt bölümlerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılabilir.

No abstract

No abstract