Materials and methods MaterialsProbiotics contained Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, and Pichia anomala (formerly named Hansenula anomala) at a ratio of 2:3:2 as in the previous report from our laboratory (6). The microbial counts in the combinations were 7 × 10 9 colony forming units per gram (CFU/g). Oligosaccharides (98% effective concentration, Alltech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), berberine (98% effective concentration, Shanghai Yisha Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and aureomycin (15% effective concentration, Shanghai Dubang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were purchased from the market.