Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions have been increasing rapidly since the industrial revolution, causing global warming and environmental change. CO 2 emissions in arid regions are only 30% of those in humid regions, but the warming rate is 20%-40% higher than that of humid regions (Yao et al., 2020). Such a significant spatial heterogeneity in warming rate and CO 2 emissions causes arid regions to face greater climate hazards than humid regions (Huang et al., 2012(Huang et al., , 2019Yao et al., 2020), and increasingly frequent and severe droughts threaten the ability of dryland ecosystems to sequester carbon and maintain biodiversity (Yao et al., 2020). Therefore, it is