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In vivo (n = 16) and in vitro (n = 16) experiments were conducted in dogs to describe the effects of sildenafil citrate (viagra) on histopathological changes during the healing process with respect to angiogenesis and compare vasodilatative effects of sildenafil citrate, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. General anaesthesia was performed with 0.2% ketamine HCl by intravenous drip after premedication with xylazine (5 mg·kg -1 ) and atropine sulphate (0.05 mg·kg -1 ). Round open wounds were created in all skin layers on anterior brachial region in all animals. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 following the operation sildenafil citrate (25 mg) (n = 8) and saline (n = 8) were orally administered. Wound tissues were dissected for histological observation on days 3, 6, and 9. Animals receiving sildenafil citrate had greater granulosa tissue more apparent capillary network and greather fibroblast proliferation than control group on day 6. Vasorelaxant effects of sildenafil citrate, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside on a. brachialis were investigated in vitro. In this study, relative vasorelaxant effects of sildenafil citrate, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were 4.91, 5.75 and 6.70, respectively. Results of this study suggest that sildenafil citrate does enhance the healing process by stimulating angiogenesis.

SummaryThis study was planned to determine the effects of propolis in rats applied Cyclosporine A (CsA). In this study, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including control and 3 treatment groups. Group 1 (Control) were no supplement; CsA (group 2) were given as s.c. 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) every day; Propolis (group 3) were given by gavage 100 mg/kg BW every day; CsA+Propolis (group 4) were given as s.c. 15 mg/kg BW of CsA and by gavage 100 mg/kg BW of propolis every day. The feed intake were significantly higher (P<0.01) in Control and Propolis groups than CsA and CsA+Propolis groups within time period of 21 days. Further, body weight was significantly lower (P<0.01) in groups administrated with CsA (Group 2 and 4) than the other groups. Cortisol, AST, ALT and urea levels in serum of Control, Propolis and CsA+Propolis groups were found significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of CsA group. Malondialdehyde levels in kidney and liver tissues were significantly higher (P<0.01) than in the CsA groups compared to other groups. The catalase and reduced glutathione activities in kidney tissue of CsA+Propolis group were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of CsA group. The present study demonstrated that propolis provided amelioration in terms of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity consisting rats applied to CsA.

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Authors' Contribution HK, YÖ and GD designed the study. YÖ, MBD and SY executed the study. HK and MÖ implemented the study and involved in sampling as well as testing. MÖ, SY and GD drafted the manuscript.