Chromosome in situ hybridization (FISH and GISH) is a powerful tool for determining the chromosomal location of specific sequences and for analysing genome organization and evolution. Tricepiro (2n = 6x = 42) is a synthetic cereal obtained by G. Covas in Argentina (1972), which crosses hexaploid triticale (2n = 6x = 42) and octoploid Trigopiro (2n = 8x = 56). Several years of breeding produced a forage crop with valuable characteristics from Secale, Triticum, and Thinopyrum. The aim of this work is to analyse the real genomic constitution of this important synthetic crop. In situ hybridization using total DNA of Secale, Triticum, and Thinopyrum as a probe (GISH) labelled with biotin and (or) digoxigenin showed that tricepiro is composed of 14 rye chromosomes and 28 wheat chromosomes. Small zones of introgression of Thinopyrum on wheat chromosomes were detected. The FISH using the rye repetitive DNA probe pSc 119.2 labelled with biotin let us characterize the seven pairs of rye chromosomes. Moreover, several wheat chromosomes belonging to A and B genomes were distinguished. Therefore, tricepiro is a synthetic hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) being AABBRR in its genomic composition, with zones of introgression of Thinopyrum in the A genome of wheat.

RESUMENEl rendimiento de grano por unidad de superficie y algunos de sus componentes de 18 líneas experimentales de triticales graníferos y tres cultivares doble propósito, se evaluaron durante 2009 a 2015 en Santa Rosa (36°37′ S, 64°17′ W), Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina, sobre un Paleoustol petrocálcico en condiciones naturales. La siembra se realizó bajo un diseño en bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones y parcelas estándar. Se realizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) conjunto para los distintos caracteres analizados y se utilizaron las Diferencias Mínimas Significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para separar promedios. Las interrelaciones entre caracteres se analizaron por medio de correlaciones fenotípicas, coeficiente de sendero (path analysis) y componentes principales. La variable dependiente fue el rendimiento de grano por unidad de superficie y los componentes del rendimiento considerados fueron: número de granos m -2 , número de espigas m -2 , número de granos por espiga y peso de 1000 granos La fuente de variación Años explicó más de 70% de la variancia total, mientras que los Genotipos explicaron menos del 10%. La interacción genotipo x año resultó significativa para peso de 1000 granos. Las líneas en conjunto rindieron 9% más que los testigos; las cuatro mejores rindieron más de 3.000 kg ha -1 , superando a los testigos en 25%. El rendimiento por unidad de superficie estuvo correlacionado en forma positiva y significativa con el peso de 1000 granos (r = 0,49****) y el número de espigas m -2 (r = 0,25**).Palabras clave: Triticale, correlaciones fenotípicas, coeficientes de sendero, componentes principales. ABSTRACTGrain yield per unit area and some yield components of eighteen experimental strains and three dual-purpose cultivars of triticale were evaluated from 2009 to 2015 in Santa Rosa (36°37′ S, 64°17′ W), Province of La Pampa, Argentina, on a petrocalcic Paleoustol soil under natural conditions. The trial was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications and standard plots. ANOVA was used to analyze the variables studied, while comparisons between means were made using least significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Interrelationships between traits were analyzed using phenotypic correlations, path coefficients analysis and principal components. Grain yield per 94-101.

We studied three different tricepiros: (Don Santiago x Don Noé), (Cumé x Horovitz) and (Cumé x Don Noé). The tricepiro (Don Santiago x Don Noé) was obtained by crossing the triticale Don Santiago INTA (AABBRR, 2n = 6x = 42) with the trigopiro Don Noé INTA (AABBDDJJ, 2n = 8x = 56). The number of chromosomes for the F 1 was 2n = 49, the most frequent meiotic configuration being 14 bivalents and 21 univalents. The univalents were situated in the periphery of the equatorial plane, whereas the bivalents were located in the central zone. The chromatids in some of the univalents split when bivalents underwent reductional division in anaphase I. There were few laggard chromosomes or chromatids at this phase. The number of chromosomes (2n = 48-58) was high and variable, and the number of bivalents per cell (18-23) also high in F 3 individuals. In all F 8 tricepiros (Don Santiago x Don Noé), F 12 tricepiros (Cumé x Horovitz) and F 12 tricepiros (Cumé x Don Noé), the number of chromosomes (2n = 42) was the same, these retaining the rye genome, as demonstrated by GISH and FISH. These new synthesized allopolyploids constitute interesting models for investigating the evolutionary changes responsible for diploidization, and the chromosomal and genomic re-ordering that cannot be revealed in natural allopolyploids.

resumenTriticales (x Triticosecale Wittmack) y tricepiros (x Triticosecale Witt. X x Agrotricum A. Camus) se mejoran con la finalidad de obtener cultivares de doble propósito (forraje y grano). Para su utilización en consumo humano, la calidad de las harinas de triticales es frecuentemente evaluada midiendo el diámetro y factor de expansión de las galletitas horneadas. Estos indicadores están fuertemente relacionados al contenido de almidón dañado, proteína y polisacáridos no amiláceos de la harina que determinan sus propiedades de absorción de agua. Se evaluaron 25 líneas experimentales, ocho cultivares de triticale y uno de tricepiro en Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina, durante 2012, mediante análisis de correlación simple y de conglomerados. Se observaron correlaciones positivas entre los valores de la capacidad de retención del solvente agua, carbonato de sodio, ácido láctico y sacarosa, índice de retención de agua alcalina, pentosanos solubles y almidón dañado. La caracterización de las harinas y la separación en grupos según sus propiedades fisicoquímicas permitieron la selección de genotipos con diferentes propiedades funcionales. En el análisis de conglomerados, el cluster 1 agrupó los materiales con mejores características fisicoquímicas de las harinas, lo cual aumenta las posibilidades de su empleo en la alimentación humana. , 2017, VOL. 34: 15-25 16 AGRISCIENTIA in Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina by means of simple correlation and cluster analysis. Positive correlations between the values of solvent retention capacity of water, sodium carbonate, lactic acid and sucrose, retention rate of alkaline water, soluble pentosans and damaged starch were observed. The characterization of the tested flours and their differentiation based on their physicochemical properties allowed the selection of genotypes with different functional properties. In the cluster analysis, cluster 1 pooled the materials with the best physicochemical features of flour, which increases the possibilities of its use for human consumption.

Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal used in Argentina as a winter seasonal pasture or feeding grain. Efforts made on breeding have led to varieties with potential grain yield similar or greater than with wheat. The aim of this study was to determine the gene effects, heritability, genetic gain, heterosis and inbreeding depression in various quantitative traits of a cross from contrasting lines of triticale using generation means analysis. The thousand kernel weight was adjusted to a model of additive-dominance, while the rest of the traits exhibited significant epistatic effects: additive x additive (i) for hectoliter weight, additive x dominance (j) for number grains per spike and grain yield per plant. Other traits showed a more complex as inheritance additive x additive (i) and additive x dominance (j) interactions effects for spike length or additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l) interactions effects for number of spikes per plant and number of spikelets per spike. High values of heritability and genetic gain were also detected for grain yield, spikelets per spike, spike per plant and hectoliter weight. All traits except spike per plant had positive relative mid-parent heterosis, but none resulted in positive heterobeltiosis, therefore this cross is not recommended for obtaining hybrids varieties. Selection in early generations by thousand kernel weight and hectoliter weight would be efficient, while the selection in advanced generations where segregation is minimal would be recommended for the remaining traits.