Due to fundamental characteristics, routing protocols in wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are particularly vulnerable to attack. One such attack, the "sinkhole" problem, is analyzed in the context of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol, and a Sinkhole Intrusion Detection System (SIDS) is proposed for detecting it. The design and evaluation of this system is rigorously detailed, its performance is evaluated, and directions for future work are outlined. The simulation results show that SIDS is a promising methodology for this important problem.Index Terms-fuzzy logic, sinkhole, DSR, MANET, intrusion detection.

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This paper investigates the use of a fuzzy vector quantizer (FVQ) as the front end for a hidden Markov modeling @€"J scheme for isolated word recognition. Unlike a standard vector quantizer that generates the index of a single codeword that best matches an input vector, an FVQ generates a vector whose components represent the degree to which each codeword matches the input vector. The HMM algorithm is generalized to accommodate the FVQ output. This approach is tested on a database of isolated words from a single male speaker. It is seen that the FVQ front end significantly reduces the amount of data needed to train the H" algorithm.