HAL fluorescence cystoscopy is a new, sensitive, promising diagnostic procedure that showed improved detection of bladder tumors, in particular CIS. The procedure is well tolerated and can easily be implemented in current clinical practice.

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For many reasons, such as toxicity and lack of selectivity of photosensitisers, as well as complexity of technical procedures and inconstant therapeutic results, photodynamic therapy of highly recurrent superficial bladder cancer never gained wide acceptance in the urological community. However, the 25 years of experience combined with the recent discovery of new photosensitisers, such as protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or ALA-derivatives or hypericin open new, very interesting perspectives in this therapeutic field.