Normal spectral emissivity of a stable and undercooled liquid (1660–1790 K) was determined for wavelengths of 780–920 nm using direct measurement of radiance of statically electromagnetically levitated liquid silicon: a dc magnetic field suppressed surface oscillation and the transitional motion of the silicon droplet. A spectrometer used for spectral radiance measurement was calibrated using a quasi-blackbody with a copper metal fixed point. The emissivity shows weak negative wavelength dependence, and negligible temperature dependence. The wavelength dependence of the normal spectral emissivity is expressible using the Drude free electron model.

We analyze an experiment in which two distinct superconducting phases YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ (Y123) and Y 3 Ba 5 Cu 8 O 18−δ (Y358) coexisted. This experiment enabled us to characterize the recently introduced Y358 phase in contrast to the Y123 phase, thus to resolve some discrepancies reported in associated properties of Y358. Specifically, our experiment indicates the transition temperature T mid C = 105 K and 94 K for Y358 and Y123, respectively, and that Y358 has five CuO 2 planes and three CuO chains, with Pmm2 symmetry and lattice parameter (a, b, c) = (3.845, 3.894, 31.093) Å, in agreement with density functional theory predictions for this specific structure.

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BackgroundAdvances in science and technology of electrical equipment, despite increasing human welfare in everyday life, have increased the number of people exposed to Electro-Magnetic Fields (EMFs). Because of possible adverse effects on the health of exposed individuals, the EMFs have being the center of attention. This study was performed to determine possible correlation between Extremely Low Frequency Electro-Magnetic Fields (ELF EMFs) and sleep quality and public health of those working in substation units of a petrochemical complex in southern Iran.Materials and methodTo begin with, magnetic flux density was measured at different parts of a Control Building and two substations in accordance with IEEE std 644–1994. Subsequently, the questionnaires “Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index” (PSQI) and “General Health Quality (GHQ)” were used to investigate relationship between ELF exposure level and sleep quality and public health, respectively. Both questionnaires were placed at disposal of a total number of 40 workers at the complex. The filled out questionnaires were analyzed by T-test, Duncan and the Chi-square tests.ResultsThe obtained results revealed that 28% of those in case group suffered from poor health status and 61% were diagnosed with a sleep disorder.However, all members in control group were in good health condition and only 4.5% of them had undesirable sleep quality.ConclusionIn spite of a significant difference between the case and control groups in terms of sleep quality and general health, no significant relationship was found between the exposure level and sleep quality and general health. It is worth noting that the measured EMF values were lower than the standard limits recommended by American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). However, given the uncertainties about the pathogenic effects caused by exposure to ELF EMFs, further epidemiological studies and periodic testing of personnel working in high voltage substations are of utmost importance.