This study evaluated the feasibility of forward osmosis (FO) in diluting and reusing the concentrate produced in a reverse osmosis (RO) plant in James City County, VA. Secondary treated wastewater

Ultrafiltration (UF) has been regarded as a cost-effective option compared to NF and RO for the municipal effluent reclamation process. But the fouling caused by organic matter from the biologically treated sewage effluent is still a serious problem in the process. The photocatalysis was employed as the pretreatment measure for the ultrafiltration of secondary effluents. The fouling potential k was significantly lowered by this pretreatment measure. The effects of catalyst type (anatase, rutile, and Degussa P-25), catalyst dosage, pH value, and UV light intensity on fouling potential variation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal were investigated. The results showed that the presence of UV and TiO 2 improved DOC removal ratio. The effect of photocatalyst type on fouling potential abatement was compared. The pH value and catalyst concentration were optimized to get the highest fouling potential reduction and DOC removal efficiency.