Rice occupies a pivotal place in Indian agriculture and it contributes about 13 per cent of annual agriculture GDP and provides 43 per cent calorie requirement for more than 70 per cent of Indian population. This study was conducted in Thungabhadra area of Karnataka and it is also called as ‘Rice Bowl of Karnataka’, since it occupies nearly 65 per cent of total (3.63 lakh ha) area of paddy in Karnataka. In this area, paddy-paddy system is the predominant cropping system. Paddy crop residues include any biomass left in the field after grains and other economic components have been harvested. Crop residues are also a principal source of carbon, which constitutes about 40 per cent of the total biomass on dry weight basis. Crop residues were considered as precious commodity because it can be used as a feed for the fodder and mulching for various crops and must never be considered as waste. The paddy residues are typically burnt on-farm across different regions of this area. The problem is more severe in the head and mid region of this area, particularly in the mechanized harvesting in paddy-paddy cropping system. There are four methods of residue management practices, these are as removal of straw and burning of stubble, burning of straw and stubble, removal of straw and incorporation of stubble and incorporation of straw and stubble among, which removal of straw and burning of stubble (42.45 %) is the major one. The main reasons for burning of residues are low cost and labour scarcity. Total cost of cultivation of paddy per acre was found to be marginally lower burning of straw and stubbles method as compared (₹ 38411/acre) to incorporating straw and stubbles (₹ 41845/acre) method.
The present study was initiated with the objective of analyzing the export performance of marine products in India. The study is based on the secondary data i.e., quantity of export of marine products from 2005-06 to 2014-15 compiled from official website of Marine Products Export Development Authority of India. The structural change and direction of trade in marine products was analyzed using Markov Chain approach. The Cumulative Annual Growth Rate of export of marine products from India in volume and value terms is positive with 8.67 and 19.58 per cent during the period from 2005-06 to 2014-15. The increased export growth in marine products is mainly attributed its increasing demand from animal and human consumption, food processing as well as alternative purposes such as cosmetics, fishmeal and fish oil, bio active compounds, pharmaceuticals, marine protein and food processing aids and bi-products are used for valuable ornamentals. European Union, South East Asia and China are the stable importer of Indian marine products as reflected by the highest probability of retention was 79, 78 and 74 per cent respectively. Therefore, efforts are needed to promote exports to these countries by stabilizing the markets by supplying quality marine products and make its price competitive in the international market.
The growth trends in the livestock sector have been analyzed for Karnataka's four divisions, viz. Gulbarga, Belgaum, Mysore and Bangalore, by using livestock census data of the state for the years 1977, 1983, 1990, 1997, 2003 and 2007. To explore the factors determining the growth of livestock sector, the Cobb Douglas function has been fitted. To study production of milk, meat and eggs in the state, data have been collected for the period 1995-96 to 2011-12. The cattle and buffalo population has depicted a declining trend, which in turn has affected production of milk, beef and carabeef in the state. The study has observed that poultry population and adoption of improved hen for egg production have tremendously increased across all the divisions in the state. The growth in the population of goat and sheep has been meagre. The production of pork has been highest, while mutton and chevon production has registered a dismal growth. The factors identified to limit the growth of livestock sector in the state include shortage of feed and fodder, inadequate breeding and reproduction, inadequate healthcare centres, poor public expenditure, poor flow of credit and lack of livestock insurance. The study has suggested some policy implications also.
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