Herpes zoster has been known since ancient times. It is a ubiquitous disease, occurring sporadically without any seasonal preference and is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It may be defined as an endogenous relapse of the primary infection varicella. Herpes zoster is characterised by typical efflorescences in the innervation region of a cranial or spinal nerve and starts and ends with pain of varying intensity. Currently, several antiviral drugs are approved and many studies have shown that antiviral therapy, started early in the course of disease, can significantly reduce the risk and the duration of postherpetic neuralgia in elderly patients. The effects of all antivirals discussed in this article, given either orally or intravenously, are comparable with regards to the resolution of virus replication, prevention of dissemination of skin lesions and reduction of acute herpes zoster pain. Valaciclovir (valacyclovir), famciclovir and brivudine (brivudin) are comparably effective in the reduction of the incidence and/or prevention of zoster-associated pain and postherpetic neuralgia. Brivudine 125mg once daily is as effective as famciclovir 250mg three times daily in reducing the prevalence and the duration of zoster-associated pain and postherpetic neuralgia, especially if therapy is combined with a structured-pain therapy. The intensity of the therapy for pain should depend on the intensity of the pain that it is treating. Famciclovir and brivudine offer an advantage over other antivirals because they are administered less frequently; this is particularly relevant for elderly patients who may already be taking a number of medications for other diseases. Therefore, antiviral therapy in combination with adequate pain management should be given to all elderly patients as soon as herpes zoster is diagnosed.
Zusammenfassung ! Zielsetzung: Herpes zoster (HZ) ist eine insbesondere nach dem 50. Lebensjahr auftretende Erkrankung mit typischen Hautläsionen, Schmerzen und Missempfindungen. Während akute und chronische Schmerzen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen haben, verursachen die primäre HZ-Therapie und die Therapie der Schmerzen zudem Kosten für das Gesundheitswesen und die Gesellschaft. In der hier vorgestellten Analyse wurden anhand routinemäßig erhobener Daten einer gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) der Ressourcenverbrauch und die Kosten des HZ sowie die der Komplikation postherpetische Neuralgie (PHN) bei Personen ab 50 Jahren in Deutschland geschätzt. Methodik: Anhand Daten der Versichertenstichprobe AOK Hessen/KV Hessen wurden mittels des ICD-10-Codes immunkompetente Patienten im Alter ≥ 50 Jahren mit Erstdiagnose eines HZ oder einer PHN im Jahr 2004 identifiziert. Nach Ermittlung relevanter Kostenkategorien, wie Arztbesuche, Diagnostik, verschreibungspflichtige Medikation, stationäre Behandlung, Heil-/Hilfsmittel sowie Arbeitsunfähigkeit (AU), wurden die Kosten patientenbezogen aus der Perspektive der GKV (direkte Kosten) und der Gesellschaft (direkte u. indirekte Kosten) identifiziert. Kosten für stationäre Behandlungen und AU konnten diagnosebezogen erhoben werden, Kosten für Arztbesuche, Diagnostik, Medikamente sowie Heil-/Hilfsmittel wurden als Zusatzkosten für den HZ-/PHN-Patienten im Jahr nach versus im Jahr vor der Diagnosestellung (Exzess-Kosten) ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die durchschnittlichen Exzess-Kosten pro HZ-Fall im Jahr 2004 betrugen 593,15 €, pro PHN-Fall 1762,51 €. Die Entwicklung einer PHN verursachte damit deutlich höhere Kosten. Die direkten Kosten von HZ und PHN nahmen dabei mit dem Alter zu. Indirekte Kosten bei HZ und PHN infolge AU-Zeiten waren in der Gruppe der Abstract !
PCR is the method of choice for the viral diagnosis in herpes zoster before blister eruption.
The primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is manifest clinically as varicella. It is a common very contagious disease, normally appearing in childhood. VZV is a ubiquitous virus with a high prevalence. Clinically it is characterized by pleomorphic skin lesions. Normally antiviral therapy is necessary only in severe cases, in adults or in immunosuppressed patients. Herpes zoster, also caused by (VZV), is a neurodermal disease representing the endogenous relapse of the primary varicella infection. Herpes zoster is characterized by lesions concentrated in the innervation region of a cranial or spinal nerve. One of the most feared manifestations of herpes zoster is pain. Several antiviral drugs are approved and many studies have shown that antiviral therapy, started early in the course of disease, can significantly reduce risk and duration of postherpetic neuralgia in elderly patients. Therefore, antiviral therapy in combination with an adequate pain management should be given to all elderly patients as soon as herpes zoster is diagnosed.
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