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The change in the total livestock population over past 3 livestock censuses is depicted below: CattleThe total cattle population is 9.59 million numbers in the state. There is a 14.50% decrease in number of cattle during the inter census period (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012).The above graph shows that the total exotic/crossbreed cattle population has increased from 1.10 million in 2003 to 2.39millionin census-2012. The indigenous cattle population has decreased from 8.19 million in 2003 to 7.19 million in 2012.The exotic/crossbred and indigenous cattle population has shown percentage changes of 26.34% and -22.81% respectively during the inter censuses period (2007-2012).

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The present study in the 5' upstream region of TLR4 gene revealed four Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Vrindavani and Tharparkar cattle. The polymorphic information content (PIC), heterozygosity and allelic diversity values were low to moderate for these SNPs. In Vrindavani cattle, one SNP was found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and the remaining three were found to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) as indicated statistically (P > 0.05). In Tharparkar cattle, two SNPs were found to be in HWE and were not in LD as indicated statistically (P > 0.05). These SNPs were used for construction of haplotypes. In-silico analysis of these SNPs predicted abolition of eight transcription factor binding sites and creation of eight new sites. The quantitative real time PCR analysis did not show any significant variation of gene expression among haplotypes. However, gene expression between breed was found to be significant (P < 0.05) which suggested that upstream region of bovine TLR4 gene has a crucial role in its expression. These findings in TLR4 gene offer essential evidence that can be useful in future research exploring its role in immunity. TLR4 can be used as a marker for selection for disease resistance in bovines.

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