IntroductionA biofilm can be defined as a well-organized microbial community in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that adheres to living or inanimate surfaces (1). Owing to their resistance to antibiotics and antiphagocytic effects, biofilms can frequently cause persistent chronic infections that are difficult to treat. Biofilms are significant causes of morbidity and mortality (2,3). At least 65% of all bacterial infections are associated with biofilm (2,3). Infections such as natural valve endocarditis, otitis media, chronic bacterial prostatitis, cystic fibrosis, and periodontitis develop as a result of biofilms that form on living surfaces. The medical devices on which biofilms can develop include prosthetic heart valves, central venous catheters, urinary catheters, contact lenses, and intrauterine devices (4). Due to the high rates of mortality and morbidity associated with biofilms, several studies have been conducted on antimicrobials and particularly on the effectiveness of antibiotics against biofilms. It has been demonstrated that antibiotics show limited efficacy against biofilms as the biofilm layer persists. For this reason, it should be borne in mind that disinfectants serve as a significant alternative against human mucosa and biofilms on the surfaces of medical device (5). This study aims at investigating the effectiveness of orthophthalaldehyde, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm layers and the live microbial cells on the biofilm layers. Material and methods Bacterial strainsS. aureus (ATCC 6538) and P. aeruginosa (PA01) bacterial strains that are known to produce biofilms were selected (5,6). Bacterial cells stocked at -80 °C were passaged to a tryptic soy agar (TSA) plate (Merck). After being incubated for 24 h at 35-37 °C, a bacterial solution was Background/aim: Because biofilms are resistant to antibiotics and biocides, they usually cause chronic persistent infections, which are arduous to cure and have high mortality and morbidity. Our study aimed to investigate the efficiency of orthophthalaldehyde, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm layers and live microbial cells.Materials and methods: Biofilm layers were determined by crystal violet assay and live microbial cells were determined using a resazurin assay.Results: For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sodium hypochlorite showed the most influential disinfection because it diminished 83.6% of the biofilm layer and decreased 99.7% of live microbial cells. For Staphylococcus aureus, hydrogen peroxide was determined the most active disinfectant with 80.3% reduction of the biofilm layer. Sodium hypochlorite was also determined to be the most efficient disinfectant with 99.8% reduction of live microbial cells. Sodium hypochlorite was the most influential disinfectant on biofilm layers and live microbial cells of both microorganisms. Conclusion:We concluded that if we use sodi...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of smartphone use on the median nerve. Materials and Methods: Participants were classified into three groups according to their smartphone use frequencies; high smartphone users (with Smartphone addiction scale (SAS) score of higher than 71), low smartphone users (SAS score less than 71) and classical type mobile phones users. The Visual analogue scale (VAS), quick-disabilities of arm, shoulder, hand (qDASH) and median nerve conductions of the participants were assessed. Groups were compared to each other as well as dominant and non-dominant hand nerve measurements of participants were also compared. Results: VAS and qDASH values were not significantly different between groups. It was observed that the rare use of smartphones affected the median nerve conductions in a lesser manner compared to the classical mobile phone use. However, using smart phone in an increasing rate influenced the median nerves adversely. Conclusion: Excessive use of smartphone can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome via affecting the median nerve. In recent decades, there has been a widespread use of smartphones even at the level of addiction. This should be noted while designing the smartphones and voice applications should be used more often. Furthermore, it can be beneficial to follow up the median nerve conductions of patients who are addicted to smartphones with the help of electrophysiological studies.

Tularemi Salgını ve Sonrası; Mevsimsel Değişikliklerin Etkisi MİKROBİYOLOJİ BÜLTENİ tulareminin insanlara doğrudan bulaşından çok, kemirici ve evcil hayvanlara bakteri geçişini sağlayarak, tulareminin yaşam döngüsünün devamlılığında anahtar rol oynadığını düşünüyoruz. Diğer meteorolojik değişkenlerde, ortalama sıcaklık, yağış miktarı ve nem oranı açısından ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p> 0.05).

Though seizures are the most commonly reported neurotoxic adverse effects of ertapenem, there are numerous other side effects including hallucinations, disorientation, and tremors which are hardly ever reported. These side effects can be life-threatening, in the case of continued use of ertapenem. However, these treatment-related side effects completely resolve with discontinuation of the treatment. A 60-year-old female patient underwent hemodialysis owing to acute kidney insufficiency. Ertapenem was used to treat the condition since cultures from blood and urine sample of the patient showed growth of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positive Escherichia coli. It was seen that the patient experienced tremors in the hand on the sixth day of the treatment, and hallucinations, disorientation, aggression, impaired speech as well as gait disturbances on the eighth day. With the discontinuation of ertapenem treatment, all these symptoms disappeared within 72 hours. This paper emphasizes on the neurotoxicity other than seizures resulting from ertapenem.

Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, and may be present as an acute or chronic disease. In acute cases, the most common clinical manifestations are acute febrile illness, hepatitis, and pneumonia. In this case report, we presented a case of 37-year-old female presenting with fever, headache, and abdominal pain, and with normal liver enzymes and X-ray imaging. However, an enlarged spleen was detected by abdominal ultrasonography. "Probable" Q fever was diagnosed with results of a negative C. burnetii phase II IgM and a 1/256 titre of phase II IgG learned after her discharge. Repeat C. burnetii phase II IgM titre 1/24 and phase II IgG titre 1/256 were detected two weeks later. Although Q fever is often diagnosed as a form of pneumonia or hepatitis, interestingly, in our case, there were no symptoms of any pulmonary or hepatic disease. Thus, we would like to recommend that Q fever should also be considered in a patient with headache and splenomegaly, even in the absence of any sign of pneumonia or hepatitis. Klimik Dergisi 2017; 30(1): 38-40. Key Words: Q fever, headache, splenomegaly. ÖzetQ ateşi, etkeni Coxiella burnetii olan bir zoonozdur. C. burnetii akut veya kronik hastalığa sebep olabilir. Semptomatik akut Q ateşi olgularının çoğunda kendini sınırlayan ateşli hastalık, hepatit veya pnömoni görülür. Bu olgu sunumunda ateş, baş ağrısı ve karın ağrısıyla başvuran 37 yaşında bir kadın hasta bildirilmiştir. Hastanın karaciğer enzimlerinin ve akciğer grafisinin normal olduğu görülmüş, karın ultrasonografisinde splenomegali saptanmıştır. Sonuçları hasta taburcu edildikten sonra öğrenilen testlerden C. burnetii faz II IgM negatif, faz II IgG ise 1/256 titrede pozitif bulunarak "olası" Q ateşi tanısı konmuştur. İki hafta sonra tekrarlanan C.burnetii faz II IgM 1/24, faz II IgG 1/256 titrede pozitif saptanmıştır. Q ateşi sıklıkla hepatit veya pnömoni kliniğiyle tanı almasına rağ-men bizim hastamızda akciğer veya karaciğer tutulumu gö-rülmemiştir. Bu olgu da göstermektedir ki hepatit veya pnö-moni klinik tablosu olmasa bile baş ağrısı ve splenomegali varlığında Q ateşi akla getirilmelidir. Klimik Dergisi 2017; 30(1): 38-40. Anahtar Sözcükler: Q ateşi, baş ağrısı, splenomegali.