Child psychology is an important part of paediatric dentistry, which acts as a guide for understanding children who are in different stages of physical, mental, emotional, and social development. Understanding the psychological development of the child helps in professional recognition of the child’s needs, fear and anxiety at each stage which helps in better execution of behaviour management techniques. Child psychology provides an insight into principles of behaviour management that should be tailor-made for each child for effective and efficient dental treatment. This would enable the child to have a better and more pleasant dental visit, and also give the clinician a sense of professional satisfaction and reduce the fatigue in treating an uncooperative child.

Guidance of eruption and development of primary, mixed, and permanent dentition has a pivotal role in comprehensive oral healthcare in paediatric dentistry, which helps to achieve more stable, functionally, and aesthetically acceptable permanent dentition. Interceptive orthodontics includes procedures carried out in mixed dentition, and it takes advantage of the growth pattern and development during this phase. Early diagnosis and treatment of certain malocclusions will eliminate or reduce the severity of developing malocclusion, which would lessen the complexity of orthodontic treatment in the future, overall time, and cost. It also improves the child’s self-esteem, confidence, and parental satisfaction. Overall clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, and study model analysis with thorough knowledge of growth and development help in diagnosing and carrying out appropriate interceptive treatments necessary.

Pulpectomy is the treatment of choice for pulpally involved deciduous teeth, which potentially eliminates inflamed or necrotic pulp, bacteria, and toxins, relieving pain and promoting periradicular healing by cleaning and shaping the root canals. Over the years, cleaning and shaping of the root canals are done by manual endodontic instruments like files and reamers which are still considered to be the gold standard. With the advent and advances in Nickel Titanium rotary files, rotary endodontic instruments have been widely used for cleaning and shaping the root canals in Pediatric Dentistry. Of rotary files is less time-consuming thereby reducing stress to both the child and the dentist, giving consistent and predictable results even in narrow and curved root canals due to superelasticity and shape memory of nickel-titanium alloy.

The Dental pulp has remained a diagnostic enigma to the dental surgeon. While some dental pulps would react inadvertently even to the slightest injury, at other times highly resistant pulp tissue has regenerative properties even after extensive damage has been noted. However, most of the time clinicians can make a uniform decision about the status of the dental pulp with the help of clinical signs and symptoms and make a patient-centric treatment plan that can provide pain relief and restore the form and function of the tooth. A distinction needs to be made between acute and chronic inflammatory conditions of the pulp and between the reversibility or irreversibility of the pulpal changes so that appropriate vital or non-vital pulp therapies can be selected. It is also important to distinguish between inflammatory conditions and degenerative conditions of the pulp. While inflammation almost always requires intervention, changes like degenerative calcific changes may require observation and occasional intervention.