Psychiatric comorbidity in MOH patients with pre-existing ETTH is common as in those with pre-existing migraine headache and MOH with regard to developing psychiatric disorders should be interpreted as a risk factor in chronic daily headache patients.

We report that migraineurs with low socioeconomic status may have risk of developing MOH. A better identification of patients at risk of drug-associated headache may contribute to improved health in a group of patients with MOH.

IntroductionPatellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is often used as an umbrella term for anterior or retropatellar pain. It is a common source of knee pain, especially in the physically active female population (1-6).Treatment methods, such as vastus medialis oblique retraining, open kinetic chain exercises, and isokinetic muscle strengthening, were the most effective over a short period of time; however, they were not more effective than home-based exercise programs (7). Quadricepsstrengthening exercise therapy is commonly recommended for patients suffering from PFPS (7). However, PFPS is associated with decreased hip strength, specifically in the abductors and external rotators (1,2,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Since the hip abductors can affect knee valgus by controlling the frontal plane position of the femur, increasing hip abduction strength may help these patients (17).The importance of hip abductors, external rotator muscles, and extensor-strengthening programs for PFPS has received increased attention in recent years (7).Biomechanically, weakness in the hip musculature could lead to increased femoral adduction and medial rotation during dynamic weight-bearing activities, which would increase the lateral patellofemoral joint vector, leading to patellar facet overload (1,2,5,14).However, there are limited numbers of controlled studies on additional hip-strengthening exercises in PFPS (3,4,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Sex bias (18,19) and small sample size (3,4,16,19,21) were common problems in most of these studies. Interestingly, specific causes for differential diagnosis of knee pathologies or coexistence of different knee problems confirmed by knee radiographs or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were not investigated in the previous studies. Intraarticular lesions, such as meniscus and ligament injuries, were not evaluated in these studies and only clinical PFPS cases were included in these previous reports.This study aimed to indicate the hip exercises in addition to knee exercises with regard to pain, function, and isokinetic muscle strength in young sedentary women with PFPS.Background/aim: The role of hip muscles in the rehabilitation of patellofemoral pain syndrome has recently received interest. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiencies of hip exercises alongside knee exercises versus only knee exercises on pain, function, and isokinetic muscle strength in patients with this syndrome.Materials and methods: Fifty-five young female patients (mean age: 34.1 ± 6.2 years; mean BMI: 25.9 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) with patellofemoral pain syndrome were included. The patients were randomized into groups of hip-and-knee exercises and knee-only exercise programs for 6 weeks with a total of 30 sessions at the clinic. Both groups were evaluated before therapy, after 6 weeks of a supervised exercise program, and after 6 weeks of an at-home exercise program. The outcome measures were muscle strength, pain, and both subjective and objective function. Results:The improvements of the patients in the hip-and-knee exe...

Cervicogenic headache (CH) is a syndrome which is postulated to originate from nociceptive structures in the neck or head. The anatomical neck or head structures that are responsible for the pain in CH have not been clearly identified, but the pain in these patients probably originates from the structures of the cervical spine. In this study, cervical MRI were studied in 22 patients with cervicogenic headache and 20 control patients who did not have any disease which may effect the bone and muscle structures of cervical region. MRI imaging of cervical vertebra showed a disc bulging in 10 (45.4%) out of 22 patients with CH and in 9 (45.0%) of 20 controls (P > 0.05). The distribution of pathological lesions in patients and controls were not significantly different (P > 0.05). As a result, MRI may not be an adequate method to detect pathological findings underlying the aetiology of CH such as nerve roots, intervertebral joints and periosteum.

Axonal type polyneuropathy may be seen in BD patients. Peripheral involvement may be detected by electrophysiological examinations in asymptomatic BD patients.