Introduction: The main task of modern orthodontics is to create a balanced, morphologically stable occlusion in harmony with facial aesthetics and functional adaptation. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between dento-facial anomalies and somatic pathology. Materials and methods: A literary study was conducted using the Medline database and the Google Scholar database. Review: The human body is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements. Any abnormalities in the operation of this system may lead to functional impairment in a single organ. This is fully applicable to dento-facial anomalies and deformations; their development is closely related to other diseases. Conclusions: The diagnostics, treatment tactics and prevention of dento-facial anomalies and deformations should be considered in the context of the integrity of the child’s unformed organism, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems.

The eruption of the first permanent molars is very important as it provides the harmony of the growth of the face and sufficient occlusion support. A delay in the eruption of this tooth can cause morphological, functional and aesthetic disturbances. These include reduced vertical size of the lower face, extruding the antagonist teeth, malloclusion formation, follicular cyst formation, pericoronal inflammation, and roots resorbtion of the adjacent teeth, as well as functional problems of dentoalveolar area, etc. In this regard, the issue of etiology, pathogenesis, early diagnostics and further treatment of lower first permanent molars retention is very relevant for modern orthodontics. In the literary review, morphological and radiological diagnostic criteria of eruption of first permanent lower molars have been presented. Materials and methods of the research. The article reviews and analyzes literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, early diagnostics of retention of the lower first permanent molars. Results The analysis of the literature pointed to a small number of studies regarding the disrupted eruption of first lower permanent molars. In most cases, they are presented as clinical cases. According to the world literature, the prevalence of delayed eruption of the first molar of the mandible was 0.01% to 0.04%. Data from the world literature indicate that the retention of the lower first molar is a polyfactoral disease. According to the etiological factors authors distinguish general and local. Local factors causing delay in teeth eruption include impaired pathway for teeth eruption, abnormality of the tooth form, hyperplasia, displacement of the rudiment because of the cyst and the tumour, loss of space for eruption, gingival fibrosis, idiopathic conditions. Systemic factors include endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, craniofacial hypertrophy. In the literary review morphological and radiological diagnostic criteria of eruption disturbance of the first permanent lower molars are presented. Thus, the Korean scientists proposed to determine the depth of the retention, the angle of inclination and the space for their eruption on panoramic radiographs. The review presents the classification of retention types for the first permanent molars of the mandible.

The main task of modern orthodontics is to create a balanced and morphologically stable occlusion in harmony with facial aesthetics and functional adaptation. Over the last decade, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the prevalence of malocclusion, which reaches 80% according to current scientific literature and sometimes it exceeds this percentage. Researchers note a constant and statistically significant correlation between the permanent occlusion pathology and the state of somatic health in adolescence. On the other hand, the interdisciplinary approach is one of the most urgent tasks of modern orthodontics and a constant object of searching for new methods of diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between dento-facial anomalies and somatic pathology. Materials and methods. Literary sources were reviewed on the relationship of malocclusion with the general diseases and the obtained data were analysed. Discussion. The human body is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements. The peculiarities of their structure and relations are subordinated to their functioning as part of a single integral mechanism. Most authors note the existence of a direct interconnection between the general somatic pathology and anomalies of the dento-facial system. When analysing the literature data, several major groups of diseases that have the greatest impact on the development of the dento-facial system are clearly distinguished: diseases of the ENT organs, the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. At present the scientists have substantiated the concept of commonality of factors that shape both dental status and state of somatic health. An increase in the frequency of dento-facial anomalies and deformations in 1,6-2,3 times is noted in disorder of the musculoskeletal system. In this category of children, deep incisor occlusion, distal occlusion and neutral occlusion with anomalies of individual teeth predominate. In children with scoliosis, 72.9-84.3% of cases are diagnosed with dento-facial anomalies and deformations. The position of the jaws has an effect on the spatial orientation of the head and this in turn affects the position of other structures of the body. Some researchers point to the “anterior” position of the head of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints associated with the shortening of the extensors of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Research showed that in 89,3% of cases, children with bronchial asthma have dento-facial anomalies. Adolescence is one of the critical periods of human life, since it is precisely in adolescence that the neuroendocrine system begins to function, and sex hormones which affect the development of many body systems and the formation of reproductive health are produced. Under the action of steroid hormones, an active development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, which is manifested by the acceleration of total body growth and dento-maxillofacial growth. Insufficient secretion of estrogen leads to impaired bone mineralization and may cause abnormalities in the maxillofacial area. Impaired growth and development of the dento-facial system was detected in case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, one third of the patients were examined. The skeletal pathology of the Angle I class, as well as impaired functional state of the TMJ were diagnosed. Thyroid hormone and thyroxin stimulates growth in the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis, nasal cartilage and the growth of the upper jaw in the area of bone sutures, thereby determining of the size and position of the upper jaw. As a result of a decrease in thyroxin level, there is a delay in craniofacial growth, disproportional development, retroposition of the upper jaw and decrease in the length of the mandible. Thus, the correlation of malocclusion in children and adolescents with common diseases arise. Therefore, the diagnosis, tactics of treatment and prevention of dental anomalies and deformities should be considered in the context of the integrity of the unformed organism of the child, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems.

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