Climate change and urbanization have led to an increase in the frequency of extreme water related events such as flooding, which has negative impacts on the environment, economy and human health. With respect to the latter, our understanding of the interrelationship between flooding, urban surface water and human health is still very limited. More in-depth research in this area is needed to further strengthen the process of planning and implementation of responses to mitigate the negative health impacts of flooding in urban areas. The objective of this paper is to assess the state of the research on the interrelationship between surface water quality, flood water quality and human health in urban areas based on the published literature. These insights will be instrumental in identifying and prioritizing future research needs in this area. In this study, research publications in the domain of urban flooding, surface water quality and human health were collated using keyword searches. A detailed assessment of these publications substantiated the limited number of publications focusing on the link between flooding and human health. There was also an uneven geographical distribution of the study areas, as most of the studies focused on developed countries. A few studies have focused on developing countries, although the severity of water quality issues is higher in these countries. The study also revealed a disparity of research in this field across regions in China as most of the studies focused on the populous south-eastern region of China. The lack of studies in some regions has been attributed to the absence of flood water quality monitoring systems which allow the collection of real-time water quality monitoring data during flooding in urban areas. The widespread implementation of cost effective real-time water quality monitoring systems which are based on the latest remote or mobile phone based data acquisition techniques is recommended. Better appreciation of health risks may lead to better flood risk management. In summary, there is still a limited understanding of the relationship between urban surface water quality, flood water quality and health impacts. This also holds true for Chinese cities. Given the widespread and frequent occurrence of urban flooding, further research into this specific cross-cutting field is mandatory.

SummaryBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hypoxen® treatment and the effect of HyFnC60 on ROS production in patients’ blood.Material/MethodsROS production in blood was estimated using chemiluminescence (CL) measurement with CL-amplifiers: luminol (LM), LM + zymosan (ZM) or lucigenin (LC) in the presence or absence of hydrated fullerenes (HyFnC60) added to blood in low concentrations.ResultsIn all the patients with COPD in remission phase with Hypoxen® prescription, the LM-dependent CL (LM-CL) with ZM and LC-enhanced CL (LC-CL) decreased after the treatment. Parameters of CL and effects of HyFnC60 upon them depended on blood state. Addition of HyFnC60 to blood decreased data scattering and helped to improve discrimination between different groups of patients. Using the discriminator analysis, we found the most important time-points in the kinetic curves of CL for classification of patients into groups (eg, COPD patients before and after treatment with Hypoxen®; patients’ blood with different sensitivity to HyFnC60 concentration).ConclusionsMonitoring of CL of non-diluted whole blood in COPD patients can be used for the estimation of the Hypoxen® efficiency in complex therapy. Addition of HyFnC60 to blood increases sensitivity of the method.

<p>Urban flood mostly is pluvial flood, caused by high rainfall intensities combined with the unsuitable drainage system and land cover. Because of the heterogeneous drainage system and the storm distribution dynamics, urban floods are rapid and spontaneous in space and time. Flood risk analysis was created to understand and assess the flood behavior, manage and mitigate the flood damage. However, flood risk assessments recently only have focused on the spatial distribution of the flood while temporal flood evolution in urban area is still an open question. This research aims to provide a spatio-temporal analysis of the urban flood by implementing the simplified model-based representation of flood evolution/development in space and time (spatiotemporal patterns) including time to flood the manhole, the location, spatial and temporal sequences of flood.</p><p>To specify, 3 precipitation distribution patterns were collected from rainfall incidents in 2008, 2019, 2020, then extrapolated to create 21 scenarios following the return periods (i.e. 1.25-year, 2-year, 2.5-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year). In each scenario, the dynamics of flood was estimated using the urban drainage system by SWMM5. Case study (Do Lo, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Viet Nam) was divided into 115 sub-catchtments based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the drainage system map of this area. Land cover was created based on the LANDSAT images. Domestic waste water distribution was included in the model. The model is validated with the extreme events in 2020 and 2022.</p><p>A spatio-temporal risk map was generated to show the flooding spatio-temporal sequences and non-flood region. Flood evolution on the time scale was shown in this map. The rate of flood change diagrams shows the flood responses from urban areas which vary from 1 to 107 mins in different scenarios.</p><p>Rain gauge distribution sensitivity is examined under ranges of rain gauge distribution combinations in term of space and time.</p>