Background and Objectives Although a significant number of Covid-19 patients tend to be hospitalized, few studies have explored the factors related to the hospitalization of these patients. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the hospitalization and duration of hospitalization of the patients with Covid-19 in Shohada Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran in the first half of 2020. \ Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a two-part researcher-made checklist. The checklist was sent to 15 specialists in the fields of epidemiology, nursing, statistics and general practitioners to check the content validity. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were used to check the validity of the content of the checklist and Cronbach's alpha index was used to assess the reliability. To investigate the relationship between the studied variables, independent t-test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman and Pearson test were used at a significance level of 0.05. Results The Cronbach's alpha index of the study checklist was equal to (r = 0.824). The total values of the CVI and CVR index for the whole checklist were found to be 0.870 and 0.733respectively.Therefore, it can be claimed that the checklist used in this study an acceptable level of content validity. 291 patients participated in this study. The mean and standard deviation of the length of hospital stay was 7.59 ± 4.14 days. There was a significant relationship between total length of hospital stay and each of the following variables: history of renal impairment (P-value = 0.034), presence of symptoms of shortness of breath (P-value = 0.007), nausea (P-value = 0.016), oxygen therapy (P-value = 0.022), use of Apotel (P-value = 0.045), use of Kaltera (P-value = 0.020), and hydroxychloroquine use (P-value = 0.022). Conclusion Symptoms of dyspnea, age, and oxygen therapy were the most important factors influencing the length of hospital stay. Thus, physicians and nurses should prioritize the use of oxygen therapy for patients, especially the elderly ones with the symptoms of dyspnea, in order to accelerate the recovery of the patients, and consequently reduce the duration of hospitalization. Extended Abstract Background and Objectives Covid-19 is an emerging disease that has quickly become a global problem, spreading to every country and becoming a pandemic. A significant number of Covid-19 patients are hospitalized. Few studies have studied the factors related to the hospitalization of these patients. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the hospitalization and duration of hospitalization of the patients with Covid-19 in Shohada Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran in the first half of 2020. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was completed by convenience samplingmethod. Data were collected using a researcher-made two-part checklist. Demographic information and underlying diseases part included gender with two female and male options, quantitative and crude age, one 13-choice question and 5 two-choice yes or no questions. The other part, information on Covid-19 disease status of the participants, consisted of a 3-choice question, 5 yes or no questions, a 9-choice question, and 6 open-ended questions. Content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were used to check the validity of the content of the checklist and Cronbach's alpha index was used to assess the reliability. To investigate the relationship between the studied variables, independent t-test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Spearman and Pearson test were employed at a significance level of 0.05. Results The value of Cronbach's alpha calculating the reliability of the checklist was equal to (r = 0.824). The total value of the CVI index for the whole checklist was equal to 0.870 and the value of the total CVR index of the total checklist was calculated to be 0.733, so the content validity of the checklist was established. 291 patients participated in this study, 150 of whom (51.50%) were female. The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age in this study was 58.81 ± 18.75., 51 (17.52%) patients had to stay in intensive care unit (ICU) all or part of their hospital stay. Oxygen therapy was performed for 162 patients (55.67%) and the mean and standard deviation of oxygen therapy was 4.73 ± 42 2.42 liters per minute. 9 patients (3.09%) were intubated during their hospitalization. The most common symptom of Covid-19 disease was a cough in 144 patients (49.48%). The most commonly used drugs for the treatment of patients were hydroxychloroquine 225 (77.32%)), naproxen (199 (68.38%) and cefotaxime (106 (36.43%)). The mean and standard deviation of the length of hospital stay was 7.59 ± 4.14 days. There was a significant relationship between the history of renal impairment (P-value = 0.034), the presence of symptoms of shortness of breath (P-value = 0.007), nausea (P-value = 0.016), oxygen therapy (P-value = 0.022), use of Apotel (P-value = 0.045), use of Kaltera (P-value = 0.020), use of hydroxychloroquine (P-value = 0.022) and the total length of hospital stay. There was a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.061) between the length of hospital stay in the intensive care unit and the age of the patients, which was not significant (P-value = 0.718). There was a significant relationship between age and the final outcome of the disease in patients (P-value = 0.013). Conclusion Since hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin therapies are not usually important factors in the treatment of patients with Covid-19, their effect was only marginal on the period of hospitalization and consequently these drugs cannot be considered as factors determining the duration of hospitalization. Symptoms of dyspnea, age, and oxygen therapy were the most important factors influencing the length of hospital stay. Thus, physicians and nurses should prioritize the use of oxygen therapy for patients, especially the elderly ones with the symptoms of dyspnea, in order to accelerate the recovery of the patients, and consequently reduce the duration of hospitalization. Practical Implications of Research According to the results of this study, we suggest that physicians and nurses use more oxygen therapy to treat patients to accelerate the recovery of these patients, reduce the length of hospital stay, and ultimately to reduce health care costs. Oxygen therapy is the most important practical measure in reducing the length of hospital stay of patients. Ethical Considerations The patients signed informed consent forms and the information was collected anonymously without being returned to the person. In addition, each patient could leave the study if they wanted to, or not answer the questions, without any consequences for them due to their withdrawal. Conflict of Interest We hereby declare that we have no conflict of interest in conducting this study with any organization, natural person or legal entity. Aknowledgment We would like to thank the nurses of Imam Hossein Shohada Hospital in Tehran, the patients who participated in this study and all those who helped us in doing this research study. This study is a continuation of a research project with ethics code number IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1399.323 and supported by Iran University of Medical Sciences.

This study reviewed the former studies conducted on the usefulness of accuracy of focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) or any plain ultrasonography (US) scan in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma (BAT), to assess its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Searches were conducted using the predefined keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms across MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Library, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Magiran and SID.ir databases. Duplicate publications were excluded; then the titles and abstracts of eligible studies were reviewed for how they report blunt trauma, pediatric patients, and ultrasound modality in their text. Cochrane RevMan version 5.3 was used for the results analysis and assessing the risk of bias in the studies. Out of 923 studies, 902 were excluded, and only 19 articles were included in this review, out of which one was a randomized clinical trial (RCT), three were cohort studies, two were contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) studies, and 13 were prospective or retrospective descriptive studies. The total population studied in the articles was 3454 patients. The results showed that the specificity of US in pediatric BAT was 93%, the sensitivity was 54%, and the PPV in comparison to clinical examination was 73% versus 37%. CEUS protocol achieved 100% in both sensitivity and specificity analysis. The only RCT study which included about 28% of the studies population also reached a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 98%, respectively using a combinational protocol of clinical examination, laboratory investigation, and US assessment. Ultrasonography does not provide more results than clinical examination, though better PPV results. A combination of follow-up, US examination, and laboratory requests may also have more accurate results. Moreover, a CEUS protocol may reach that goal with an acceptable time-saving outcome, but it needs more studies to be confirmed.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is mandatory for everybody in a threatening state, they are meant to provide safety and prevent injuries especially in hazardous issues. Facial guards are mostly used for providing eyes and face from splash-kind of hazards. During the COVID-19 pandemic, their use also was recommended to longer the use of masks or respirators, due to their shortage and the excessive demand of their reuse. This review gathered information on eye and face protectors from various manufacturer, international and local guidelines; also authors’ experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran.

Background: Students are considered part of the capital of each country. Several factors can affect their educational status and, as a result, contribute to their academic failure. The current study seeks to investigate the relationship between students’ academic failure and the affecting factors with the Iranian Educational Ranking of Universities. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The required sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula. A researcher-made questionnaire with 5 parts was used to collect data. Kruskal Wallis and Spearman’s analysis of variance was used for analysis. The significance level was considered as 0.05. Results: A total of 1215 people participated; 13.7% of students had had an academic failure and 2.0% of them were on academic probation. There was a correlation between university RAD rank and academic failure (r = -0.098 and P = 0.0001) as well as student satisfaction (r = 0.264 – P = 0.0001). There was a significant difference between an academic drop and academic grade in three ranks of university (Pv= 0.0001), and, interestingly, having moved from Rank 1 to 3, having academic grade increases, and having academic failure decreases. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the higher ranked the college campus is on the RAD scale, the higher the academic failure rate. For annual assessment of universities, it is proposed that assessment of academic failure and grades be used as a benchmark.

BACKGROUND: Happiness is one of the main components of mental health that plays an important role in promoting people's health. This study aimed to investigate the status of happiness in students of Iran University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with students’ attitudes toward the field of education and the future of career in 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 500 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic information, Oxford Happiness Inventory; A questionnaire was used to measure students’ attitudes about their career future, which was completed by students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software version 24 and descriptive and analytical statistics were used. RESULTS: Findings showed that 72% of students had a good level of happiness. There is also a significant relationship between happiness and attitude toward the field of study. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between the career future and the amount of happiness. There was a significant relationship between gender and happiness CONCLUSION: The study findings show that, by planning correctly in determining the fields of education and ensuring the future of the job, happiness can be improved among students. Therefore, it is recommended that the authorities take the students with the correct needs assessment in the field of business education in the field of study.