Objective Olfactory function is altered in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, it may serve as a useful tool for the early detection of MCI before its advancement to AD. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to investigate olfactory deficits in patients with MCI and AD. Study Design Literature search. Methods A search was conducted of the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from their inception until 2017. We included original articles with adequate data on the identification, threshold, and/or discrimination of olfactory function in MCI or AD. The standard mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The studies were weighted according to inverse variance estimates. The effect sizes were categorized as small [Cohen's d = 0.2], medium (d = 0.5), or large (d ≥ 0.8) based on these methods. Subgroup analyses were performed based on mean age and sex differences between the groups. Results Twelve articles (reporting 21 effects) examining 563 patients with MCI and 788 patients with AD, were included in the meta‐analysis. Compared to MCI, AD had moderate to large heterogeneous effects on olfactory function (Cohen's d = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.78). Olfactory identification tests demonstrated larger effects (d = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.91) than did tests of other olfactory domains. Conclusions Meta‐analysis results revealed that olfactory identification was more profoundly impaired in patients with AD than in those with MCI. These findings suggest that a simple test of odor identification is valuable in differentiating individuals at a risk of AD. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:362–369, 2019

Both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in DHI scores. However, the medication group showed significantly greater decrease in the functional (p = 0.018) and emotional (p = 0.030) subscale scores, as well as in the total DHI (p = 0.038) score.

The present study confirms that many children are aware of tinnitus and that they may be susceptible to stressful environments. In particular, trait anxiety may be associated with tinnitus. Because both tinnitus and anxiety can affect the daily lives and health of children-as with adults-a detailed strategy for the management of tinnitus in children should be established.