Web services are independent programmable application components which scatter over the Internet. Due to the improvement on local computing power and development on high-speed Internet, network latency has a significant impact on determining the service response time. Thus, physical locations of web services and users should be taken into account for web service composition. In this paper, we propose a new solution based on the binary PSO-based approach to allocate the service locations. Although several heuristic approaches have been proposed for web service location-allocation, to our best knowledge, PSO-based approach is the first attempt to solve the problem. A simulated experiment is done using WS-DREAM data set with five different complexities. To compare with two GA-based approaches, the proposed BPSO approach has advantages in most situations.

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The product life cycle energy consumption model was established considering the impact of remanufacturing on the product lifecycle, and the energy consumption quantitative method was given. In order to optimize the life of a product, a method to calculate its life cycle critical point was proposed. The energy consumption model was applied to two types of gearboxes, new and remanufactured, to compare their life cycle energy, and the energy-saving design scheme optimization was achieved.

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