Lighting systems are one of the highest energy consumptions specifically in buildings. Thus, by designing energy efficient systems, it would contribute much to buildings energy savings. Therefore, this paper motivation is to review a number of lighting systems designs applied to many types of buildings. It is then so important to discover what methods and systems which have been proposed to save energy in buildings in term of lighting. By finding out what proposed systems are for different types of buildings, designers and respective researchers e.g., buildings engineers would find possibility and applicability of such lighting systems for certain types of buildings to achieve higher energy savings than some other systems when applied to the same types of buildings. Such a relation between reviewed lighting systems with types of buildings would be helpful for many researchers from different fields. There exist numerous factors that play an important role in achieving higher energy savings rate on which efficient energy lighting systems rely. This paper aims to review several types of lighting systems designs applied to different types of buildings. Additionally, performance(s) of lighting systems might vary depending on the design of the lighting system to achieve higher buildings' energy savings. In this review paper, several past studies that utilized Information and Communication Technology (ICT) from the perspective of energy Informatics for a smart lighting system that efficiently achieves energy savings have been considered. This paper has considered different types of lighting systems and types of buildings. Cited papers in this review paper are derived from six digital libraries which are: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Emerald Insight, ACM DL, and Taylor & Francis Online. INDEX TERMS Lighting systems, buildings energy savings, daylight systems, occupancy-based lighting systems, large scale buildings, sky view factor, rural buildings, ICT for energy informatics.

Metaverse is a vision enabling to constitute an environment in which someone could see real and virtualized worlds. The Metaverse is a product (or something similar as we do not yet know its final form) of such technologies. In this circumstance, when applications that utilize the Metaverse are used, there seem to be no transportation charges, and there is no cap on amounts of individuals, users, players, learners, or trainee who can take part. Hence, and due to such a feature, the Metaverse has attracted various researchers from different fields where it has been exploited by them to contribute to those fields and research areas. As for example, it is possible to teach various target audiences by offering different events and classes from any location in the globe. In order for a participant to utilize the Metaverse, there are necessary conditions to be considered as well as other settings to be initialized. In line of this, virtual reality, augmented reality, availability of required sensors, smart glasses, headsets, and few others are considered some examples of such conditions and settings that the Metaverse requires. Despite the advantages that Metaverse offers us, there are a number of considerations that must be taken into account while developing it by interested researchers. One of these concerns is the Metaverse privacy regarding the participants (represented as avatars inside the Metaverse environment). Another issue is that since the Metaverse is still in its early stages, many attempts have to be made from interested researchers who engage to develop it to enhancing it. This review aims to survey related articles that concern the Metaverse and its development providing a review of the chronological stages throughout the history of the development of Metaverse. It aims also to list a number of recent technological advances allowing the Metaverse. Besides, Metaverse's definitions, properties, and architecture, and applications have been discussed and listed in this review. The novelty of this article is that it has suggested a framework to a number of issues that are still paid attention for potential solutions by researchers aiming to contribute to researchers and designers to consider such an issue and its corresponding solution for future research works and enhancement. Challenges faced by researchers and other relevant concerned issues related to Metaverse have been in detail discussed and highlighted. Besides, future trends have been clarified.

The adoption of enterprise architecture (EA) is deemed to be low despite EA's substantial benefits to organizations, especially in the public sector, as evidenced by the scarce literature on the EA adoption stage, which focuses on the decision or intention to adopt EA. This research attempts to identify the significant factors that influence EA adoption in the public sector by using the technology-organizationenvironment framework and organizational theory. The conceptual model was validated using partial least squares structural equation modeling with data collected from 255 key informants from public sector organizations. Empirical results show that clear communication, coercive pressure, expected benefit, good governance, mimetic pressure, normative pressure, and organizational size have a significant influence on the adoption of EA by public sector organizations. Surprisingly, top management support, ICT infrastructure, EA complexity, organizational readiness, and external support have a nonsignificant influence on EA adoption by public sector organizations. The implications of the findings are also discussed in theoretical, contextual, and practical aspects of EA adoption in the context of public sector organizations. This model facilitates decision-makers in focusing only on the significant factors in the organizational and environmental context that influence EA adoption in Malaysian public sector organizations. Subsequently, the findings may contribute to better insights for EA initiators in their EA implementation plan and strategic planning to support EA implementation among Malaysian public sector organizations.

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Different concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have been successfully employed to prepare high purity tetragonal cassiterite nanoparticles, and control the growth of particle size. The effect of PVP on the structural, morphological, size, composition, and optical properties of the prepared cassiterite nanoparticles has been investigated. It has been found that various characteristics of tetragonal cassiterite nanoparticles could be optimized by simply changing the values of PVP. The pure tetragonal cassiterite nanoparticles have been produced at the optimum calcination temperature. The XRD and SEM results indicated the structural and morphological properties of the tetragonal cassiterite nanoparticles, respectively. The particles' size and their distribution have been displayed by TEM images. The composition phase and the surface composition of the prepared samples have been evaluated via FTIR and XPS, respectively. The optical properties of the prepared tetragonal cassiterite nanoparticles have been studied using UV-vis and PL spectroscopy. Outcomes cassiterite nanoparticles are useful for antibacterial activity and application of solar energy. INDEX TERMS Cassiterite nanoparticles, polyvinylpyrrolidone, thermal treatment technique, energy applications.