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Out-of-pocket spending in Korea is regressive, because lower-income groups pay disproportionately more of their income compared with higher-income groups. Low-income individuals with multiple chronic conditions are particularly vulnerable.

In activated HMC-1 cells, pretreatment with CAPE decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, CAPE inhibited PMACI-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation by suppressing IkBa phosphorylation and its degradation. Discussion and conclusion: Our results indicated that CAPE can modulate mast cell-mediated allergic disease.

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