This chapter analyzes the impact of trade openness on environmental pollution in the newly industrialized countries that have focused on trade over the period 1971-2010 by using recently developed panel unit root, cointegration, and causality tests. The results indicate a cointegration relationship between the variables. The results also show that trade openness increases carbon dioxide emissions with the elasticity of 0.53 and there is a Granger causality running from trade openness to carbon dioxide emissions in the long run. These findings may provide some policy implications. Without taking into account impact of trade on pollutions, optimistic environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis would be invalid. Therefore, policymakers who decide on environment policies should pay attention to not only growth effects but also trade effects on pollutions. Future empirical analysis would expose the new evidences for governmental policies and environmental regulations to change these effects positively.
Türkiye'de bağımsız denetime tabi olup Tam Set TMS/TFRS uygulamak zorunda olmayan işletmeler için geçerli finansal raporlama çerçevesi BOBİ FRS adı ile 29 Temmuz 2017 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır. Bu standart, 1 Ocak 2018'den itibaren bağımsız denetime tabi olup Tam Set TMS/TFRS kapsamı dışında kalan büyük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin hazırlayacakları münferit ve konsolide finansal tablolar için bir rehber niteliğindedir. Çalışmada, öncelikle BOBİ FRS'nin genel özellikleri verilmiş olup daha sonra ise bu standardın Tam Set TMS/TFRS ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Her iki düzenleme arasındaki benzer ve farklılıklar BOBİ FRS'deki bölümler kapsamında ele alınmış ve ortaya çıkan konularda genel bir değerlendirmede bulunulmuştur. Düzenlemeler, işletmelerin uygulayacakları temel ilkeler çerçevesinde karşılaştırıldığında düzenlemelerin büyük ölçüde uyumlu olduğu, bununla birlikte bazı temel farklılıkların da bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Her iki düzenleme dışında BOBİ FRS'nin kendi içinde de büyük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler açısından farklı düzenlemelere sahip olduğu da görülmüştür.
Unemployment has become an increasingly serious economic and social problem in many European countries. Theoretically, unemployment has a negative effect on economic growth and development. This chapter examines the impact of unemployment on economic growth in 15 EU countries from 1984 to 2012 by using several panel data techniques. Panel unit root tests suggest that the series employed in the study are stationary at first differences. In other words, the series are integrated of order one, I(1). Panel cointegration tests show that the variables are cointegrated over the period implying a long-run relationship between the variables. Panel OLS estimations show that the impact of unemployment on economic growth is negative and statistically significant. This indicates that unemployment decreases economic growth in these countries. Finally, Granger causality tests based on vector error correction model suggest that there is a bi-directional causality between the variables in the short and long run. The findings may provide some policy implications.
One of the most important challenges faced by the healthcare system is the organization of healthcare services to cope with the increase in population and aging of citizens. Especially in developing countries, demographic movements of the population, regional disparities, political concerns, and increasing expectations of health services have led to a search for new ways to serve all of the population with healthcare services. With traditional methods, it is not possible to increase the supply of health services because of inadequate infrastructure and shortcomings in quantity and quality of healthcare staff. This new health system called e-health and uses all of the possibilities provided by information and communication technologies that aim to improve public health. In this chapter, the effects of e-health practices on the quality and accessibility of healthcare services are assessed and the extent of e-health practices in Turkey are evaluated.
ÖzetHasılat, işletme performansının değerlendirilmesinde önemli unsurlardan biridir. Çalışmada, öncelikle hasılat kavramının tanımı yapılmakta olup daha sonra ise hasılat kavramının Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları setinde nasıl yer aldığı, hangi standartlarda düzenlendiği ele alınmaktadır. Sonraki bölümlerde, Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standartlarına göre raporlama yapan işletmelerin faaliyetlerinde oluşacak hasılat unsurlarını ölçmesinde ve muhasebeleştirmesinde uygulanacak olan TFRS 15 Müşteri Sözleşmelerinden Hasılat standardındaki temel ilkeler incelenmekte ve bu ilkeler kapsamında bir uygulamaya yer verilmektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışmada hasılatın tanımlanması, ölçülmesi ve muhasebeleştirilmesine yönelik getirilen düzenlemeler şekiller yardımı ile özetlenmekte ve ilgililere bu standart hakkında anlaşılabilir bir rehber oluşturmak amaçlanmaktadır. AbstractRevenue is one of the important factors in evaluating the performance of the company. In the study, firstly the concept of revenue is defined and later on, how the concept of revenue is included in the Turkish Accounting Standards set and in which standards it is regulated. In the following sections, basic principles in the revenue standard of TFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which will be applied in measuring and accounting for the revenue gained in the operations of the reporting companies in accordance with the Turkish Financial Reporting Standards are examined and an application is given in the framework of these principles. As a result, the regulations for the identification, measurement and accounting of revenue are summarized with the help of figures and aims to provide an understandable guide to this standard.
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