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This paper considers the private sector wage earners in Egypt and examine their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We first estimate Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution taking into account observable characteristics. Then we make use of the panel feature of the data and estimate models taking into account unobservable characteristics. We also consider the possibility of nonlinearity in covariate effects and estimate a variant of matching models. In all cases we find a persistent informal wage penalty in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. It is smaller when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account and larger at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution. We also examine the informal wage penalty over time during the study period and in different groups according to experience and education. The informal wage penalty has increased recently over time and is larger for the better educated but smaller for the more experienced.

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This paper considers the public and private sector wage earners in Egypt and examines their wage distribution during 1998-2012 using Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. We estimate the publicprivate sector wage gap with Mincer wage equations both at the mean and at different quantiles of the wage distribution. In this process we take into account observable and unobservable characteristics of the individuals using the panel feature of the data with a fixed effects model. We address sector of employment selection issue for both males and females. We find that there is very little evidence of sample selection in our data. Therefore, we present both the selection corrected results and the results with no selection correction. We find a persistent public sector wage penalty for males and public sector wage premium for females in the face of extensive sensitivity checks. They are larger when unobserved heterogeneity is taken into account for males but insignificant for females. They are similar across the quantiles for males but, smaller at the top than at the bottom of the conditional wage distribution for females. We further examine the public sector wage gap over time and in different sub-groups according to age and education. The public sector wage penalty for males has decreased recently over time and is larger for the better educated and younger. We also find substantial regional differences in public sector wage gap for males.

Türkiye'de 2003 yılından başlatılan Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programıyla (SDP) sağlık alanında önemli reformlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2009-2014 döneminde SDP'nin etkileri altında, Sağlık Bakanlığı'na bağlı hastanelerin teknik etkinliğinin yanında bazı çevresel ve kurumlara özgü faktörlerin hastanelerin teknik etkinliği üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. 301 hastanesinin etkinlik hesaplamaları her yıl için Veri Zarflama Analizi yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, 2010 ve 2012 dönemleri öncesi ve sonrası için, hastanelerin toplam faktör verimliliğindeki değişimler Malmquist indeksi yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 2010 ve 2012 sonrası verimlilikteki artış oranları önceki dönemlere kıyasla düşüş eğilimi göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, hastanelerde teknolojik ilerleme olmasına rağmen, hastanelerin toplam faktör verimliliğinde düşüş görülmektedir.