Abstract:The cellulose paper treated in proportional mixture systems showed higher liquid absorption compare to only EtOH and MeOH treatments. It was approximately 40-70% and 50-91% higher for EtOH-NaOH and MeOH-NaOH treated papers, respectively. All conditions apparently bring about an effect of decreased strength for papers. The lowest tensile strength of 13.0 N/mm was found with EtOH and NaOH treated samples after 5 th repeating wetting-drying stage. But, some conditions gave approximately 21-59.5% higher stretch than untreated samples. The pore size distributions of papers were evaluated with Simons stain procedure and experimental results usually consisted with sorption data. The less intense CH 2 -CH 2 -vibrations (1450-1700 cm -1 ) and C-C and C-O-C peak areas in FTIR spectra indicates lowering H-bonds in solvent treated and dried paper network structure.

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Jute fibers were pulped using a novel caustic soda and ethanol-alkali (EtOH-NaOH) pulping process with the aim of minimizing problems associated with conventional chemical pulping. The effects of reaction conditions on the pulp yield, degree of delignification and selected physical properties were evaluated. The results indicate that adding ethanol to the conventional soda process was effective for improving both delignification and the physical properties of jute pulps. It was found that the delignification proceeded more rapidly and more selectively with ethanol-alkali than with alkali alone, giving higher yields at a given kappa number. Strength properties were markedly improved. The greatest values for burst (5.8 kPa m 2 g −1 ) and tensile strength (68 N m g −1 ) were obtained at 175 • C and 2.5 h reaction time.

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A study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing the diet of breeder hens with a shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) premix, containing 509 g fatty acid salts/kg of which 285 g were calcium butyrate, on their eggshell characteristics and the hatching percentage of the eggs. One thousand six hundred 66-week old White Bovans laying breeder hens were used in this experiment. They were housed in eight identical pens, each containing 200 birds, and four pens were used per treatment. The SCFA premix was included at 1000 mg/kg in the treatment diet, and fed for a period of nine weeks. Responses were compared with an unsupplemented treatment. Supplementation started when the hens were 66 weeks old. From day 75 eggs were collected for the next seven weeks and the occurrence of cracked, dirty and misshapen eggs was recorded, and the hatching percentage of the eggs was determined. Eggshell strength was lower in eggs from the control (1.76 ± 0.05) than from the treatment group (2.07 ± 0.03). The percentage of eggs produced by the control group (68.6 ± 0.08) was significantly lower than that by the supplemented group (71.5 ± 0.15). Percentage of dirty, cracked and misshapen eggs, and the hatchability percentage of the control group (1.15 ± 0.03, 3.44 ± 0.05, 6.27 ± 0.03 and 88.93 ± 0.06, respectively) were also significantly lower than in the group receiving SCFA (0.47 ± 0.03, 2.21 ± 0.03, 3.81 ± 0.03 and 93.36 ± 0.05, respectively). It was concluded that dietary supplementation of SCFA to layer breeder hens from 66 weeks of age onwards improved eggshell strength, reduced the percentage of dirty, cracked and misshapen eggs and increased the hatching percentage of the eggs. The positive responses were suggested to be largely due to the butyrate in the SCFA. _______________________________________________________________________________________