StreszczenieWprowadzenie i cel pracy. Odkrycie w XVIII wieku pierwszej szczepionki stworzyło możliwość walki z groźnymi chorobami już na etapie zapobiegania im. Jednak ostatnie statystyki wskazują na wzrost liczby niezaszczepionych osób. Może to wynikać z niewystarczająco rozpowszechnianej informacji na temat szczepień w społeczeństwie. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnej wiedzy na temat szczepień i dostępnych szczepionek. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy. Szczepienie polega na podaniu drobnoustroju lub jego fragmentu w celu stymulacji układu odpornościowego do odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Limfocyty B po kontakcie z obcym antygenem produkują swoiste przeciwciała eliminujące drobnoustrój. Jednocześnie w organizmie pozostają "komórki pamięci immunologicznej", które po ponownym kontakcie z tym antygenem powodują szybką produkcję wysoce swoistych przeciwciał w celu zwalczenia infekcji. Szczepionki zawierają antygeny atenuowane (żywe, pozbawione zjadliwości) lub inaktywowane (zabite, pozbawione toksyczności) oraz substancje pomocnicze zwiększające ich skuteczność i bezpieczeństwo (adiuwanty, środki konserwujące i substancje stabilizujące). Znajomość tych substancji odgrywa ważną rolę podczas kwalifikacji do szczepień, gdyż niektóre z nich u osób z predyspozycją mogą wywoływać reakcję nadwrażliwości. Prawidłowa kwalifikacja zapewnia skuteczność i bezpieczeństwo szczepienia. Podsumowanie. Dzięki szczepieniom praktycznie uniknęliśmy epidemii wielu chorób zakaźnych, niosących ryzyko ciężkiego przebiegu klinicznego, groźnych powikłań, a nawet zgonu. Alarmujące statystyki budzą niepokój, gdyż wzrastający odsetek niezaszczepionych osób znacznie zwiększa ryzyko powrotu epidemii o zasięgu globalnym. Adres do korespondencji: Halina Szymczyk, Katedra i Zakład Farmakologii Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie AbstractIntroduction and aim of the paper. The discovery in the eighteenth century of the first vaccine created an opportunity to fight dangerous diseases at the stage of prevention. However, recent statistics indicate an increase in the number of unvaccinated people. This may result from insufficiently widely promoted information in society. The aim of this study is to present current knowledge about vaccination and vaccines available. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Vaccination involves the administration of a microorganism or fragment thereof in order to stimulate the immune system to an immune response. The B cells, after contact with foreign antigen, produce specific antibodies to eliminate the microorganism. At the same time, "immunological memory cells" are formed in the body which after re-contact with a given antigen cause the rapid production of highly specific antibodies to combat infections. Vaccines contain attenuated antigens (live, free of pathogenicity) or inactivated (detoxified) and auxiliary substances increasing their efficacy and safety (adjuvants, preservatives and stabilizers). Knowledge of these substances plays an important role in qualifying for vacci...
Researchers have demonstrated that lithium potentiated the 5-hydroxytryptophan induction of head twitches in rats that was abolished by pretreatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor -p-chlorphenylalanine [15]. This effect is thought to be brought about by lithium bringing about an increase in the tryptophane uptake inside the brain and inducing an increase in serotonin synthesis within the brain's neurons [2,8].Many authors have noted that the behavioural syndrome in rats and mice deemed 'head twitching' is induced by the administration of serotonin precursors (5-hydroxytryptophan) or serotonin agonists (e.g. DOI), and have utilized this effect as a model for response as mediated by 5-HT2 The effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of affective disorders is well documented. However, the mechanism of this effect is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lithium on serotonergic neurons. The evaluation of the serotoninergic system activity was performed on the basis of an experimental model of head twitch response triggered by direct or indirect stimulation of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the brain. The obtained results indicated that the lithium chloride co-applied with a direct precursor of serotonin -5-hydroxytryptophan used in a threshold dose and with carbidopa, generated head twitch response in mice. What is more, an enhancement of head twitch response in mice was observed after repeated 5-hydroxytryptophan application in head twitch-evoking doses. Moreover, inhibition of the serotonine storage in nerve endings in mice was evoked by reserpine administration. Furthermore, lithium increased the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan given in a threshold dose and a head twitchevoking dose, respectively. In addition, when P-chlorphenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of the serotonin synthesis within the serotonergic neurons, was given simultaneously with the lithium chloride, carbidopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan in the threshold dose, as well as with the lithium chloride and 5-hydroxytryptophan given at head twitchevoking dosage, pCPA administration decreased the number of head twitches responses in both experimental models, as well as in the reserpinized mice subjected to the lithium chloride and 5-hydroxytryptophan application. Finally, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamineevoked serotoninergic nerve endings destruction led to absolute inhibition of headtwitch response when observed after the lithium and 5-hydroxytryptophan application. Moreover, the increase by lithium 5-hydroxytryptophan-evoke head twitch response was inhibited by administration of the ritanserine -a 5-HT2 serotonin receptor blocking agent. In summary, our data show that lithium induced an enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission due to its action on presynaptic serotonergic terminals.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.