Background and Objective: Firefighting is a stressful job with a great level of physical and psychological demands. The effort-reward imbalance and the need for fatigue recovery in this occupational group can lead to serious consequences. The present study aimed to assess the effects of the personal variables on effort-reward imbalance and the need for fatigue recovery. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 107 industrial firefighters were recruited in 2018. The effort-reward imbalance questionnaire, need for fatigue recovery scale, and individual information checklist were utilized to collect the required information. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression by SPSS software (version 16). P-value less than 0.05 was statistically considered significant. Results: More than 70% of the participants were reported with a desirable level of effort-reward imbalance and the need for fatigue recovery. The results of the regression analysis revealed a significant relation among the variables of occupational position and contract status with the need for recovery scale. In addition, a significant association was observed between the type of contract status, sleep disorders, and hypnotic drugs with overcommitment. However, there was no significant relationship regarding the perception of effort-reward imbalance. Conclusion: The obtained results of the present study showed a relative desirable status for the parameters of perception of effort-reward imbalance and need for fatigue recovery in the study population. It is recommended to plan and design appropriate interventions in order to provide more favorable working conditions.

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Due to the excessive amount of counterfeit goods in the Third World countries and the losses caused by the sale of these goods, this study attempts to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics (neuroticism, extroversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and attitudes toward purchase of counterfeit goods. This study is a cross-sectional type. The statistical population comprised graduate and undergraduate students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 700 people, selected randomly by simple sampling manner and response to the attitude toward purchase of counterfeit goods questionnaire and NEO Personality Inventory. The SPSS16 software, independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there is a significant relationship between extroversion, openness and agreeableness with attitude toward counterfeited goods purchasing. The results also indicated that the mean difference of attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing between gender, marital status and educational level were significant. Results indicated that personality characteristics affected consumers' attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing and these personality characteristics can play a role in the reduction of counterfeit goods purchasing.

BACKGROUND: Work-related fatigue can cause disruption in mental and physical activities of the workers. Considering the importance of recovery from fatigue in emergency services, as seen in firefighting duties, the preparation and validation of the Need For Recovery Scale (NFRS) questionnaire can be useful and effective. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Need For Recovery Scale among industrial firefighters. METHODS: Need for recovery scale contains 11 questions. First, a questionnaire was translated using backward-forward method. Then, for measuring validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts in related fields were obtained. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated. The reliability was determined through 107 questionnaires completed by the industrial firefighters. RESULTS: The average age of the firefighters in this study was 37.5 years and they had an average of 10 years of work experience. The mean Need For Recovery Index from fatigue was 33.03 for the study population. Of the first 11 questions, 9 questions in the original NFRS showed a satisfactory level of CVR. The Content Validity Index and Cronbach’s α were 0.89 and 0.77 respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, the Need For Recovery Scale is a reliable tool for assessing fatigue and revealed an acceptable level of validity and reliability that makes it usable for fatigue assessment in the industrial firefighters.

Background and Objective:With respect to the importance of job stress in causing diseases and disorders among workers, the purpose of this study was to examine the staff's opinion on the level of implementation and prioritization of the most important stressors among Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (UMSHA) staff. Materials and Methods: The present study was quantitative and descriptive in design. The research population was UMSHA staff, that among whom 250 were selected by simple random sampling method. Research tool was ILO Stress prevention checkpoints. Data analysis was done by SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The results showed that staff opinion about the priority of intervention about the causes of stress are as follows: leadership and justice at work (32%), job security (32%), job control (29%), job demands (26%) and recognition (22%). Also staff opinion about the stressful factors that are not running are as follows: leadership and justice at work (52%), job demands (57%), job control (53%), social support (57%), physical environment (62%), work-life balance and working time (60%), recognition at work (58%), protection from offensive behavior (58%), Information and communication (59%). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, factors related to leadership and justice at work, job control, job demands, job security and recognition at work are main factors that managers should pay attention to them to reduce job stress.