Objectives This study aimed to analyze the relationship personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) and self-efficacy with aging depression in retiree male teachers in Harsin City, Iran. Methods & Materials The present study followed a cross-sectional descriptive correlation method. In this research, a total of 173 retiree male teachers in Harsin were selected by random sampling method. Research tools included geriatric depression scale, NEO five-factor inventory and generalized self-efficacy scale. Results The obtained information was separately analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and regression. This research showed significant negative associations between aging depression with extraversion (r=-0.65, P<0.001), and self-efficacy (r=-0.66, P<0.001). There were also significant positive correlation between neuroticism (r=0.54, P<0.001) and aging depression. Conclusion Neuroticism can affect aging depression of retiree male teachers. And more extraversion and self-efficacy can result in decrease in depression of retiree male teachers. A B S T R A C T Key words:Elderly depression, Neuroticism, Extroversion, Self-efficacy Objectiveslderly depression ranks the second among the various causes of disability in this era [1]. One of the psychological factors that play a significant role in elderly depression is personality traits [2,3]. Neuroticism and extroversion are two critical personality traits that affect depression [4]. In a meta-analysis, Maloof et al. [5] demonstrated that mood disorders are associated with a particular pattern of personality traits. On the oth-E er hand, self-efficacy is described as a critical factor in depression among various psychosocial factors [6,7]. Self-efficacy is the self-assessment of individual's ability to perform a task and is a behavioral understanding that increases the possible commitment to a task and healthpromotion behaviors [8]. The present study evaluated the role of neuroticism, extraversion, and self-efficacy in predicting elderly depression. Methods & MaterialsThis is a descriptive-correlation study (approved by the Education Headquarter of Harsin City of Kermanshah Province, No. 640/1993). The study population consisted of retired teachers (males) in Harsin City in 2016. Total 173 individuals (aged 52-68 years) were selected as a sample using simple random sampling method. 200 questionnaires were distributed in the present study of which 173 were selected for analysis. The research tool consisted of three questionnaires: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) had 15 questions and was developed by Yesavage et al. in 1982 [9]. This tool was translated into Persian in Iran and standardized for the Iranian population. Its reliability coefficient was 0.9, and its validity was appropriate as estimated by factor analysis method [9]. The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in the present study was 0.82 as determined by using Cronbach's alpha test. Neo Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)In this study, the short form of the ...