Infertility is a condition in which a woman is not able to conceive following 12 months of regular and unprotected intercourse. It is a major health issue that affects 186 million people worldwide. Objective: To determine the incidence and causes of infertility in females using ultrasound. Methods:  It is a cross-sectional study conducted in a private diagnostic Centre in Gujrat, Pakistan, over a period of 4 months. A sample size of 75 was calculated using a convenient approach after informed consent. Patients subjected to ultrasonography were married, diagnosed infertile women between 20–45 years. Patients with hysterectomy or congenital ovarian abnormalities were excluded. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The study showed that the incidence of infertility is higher in 20-25 age group and least in 41-45 age group. The majority of females 51(68%) had primary infertility while 24(32%) had secondary infertility. The majority of infertile women were from a moderate socioeconomic background. The common cause of infertility was due to submucosal fibroid 25(33.3%), hormonal imbalance in 16(21.3%) and PCOS in 14(18.17%). Conclusions: The study concluded that the incidence of infertility is highest in 20-25 age groups. Submucosal fibroid, hormonal imbalance, and PCOS are the most common causes of infertility in females.

Renal cysts are fluid-filled pockets that develop on or inside of the kidneys. Cysts were usual and incidental findings in routine sonographic examinations of kidneys. Objective: To evaluate the location and types of renal cyst using ultrasound. Material and Method: It is a cross-sectional study conducted in 5 months from November 2021 to March 2022. A sample size of 100 was calculated using previous published related study. All adults above 20 years were included and referred to an ultrasound scan of a kidney. After informed consent data was collected and analysed on SPSS version 20. Results: According to the current study renal cysts are most prevalent at the age group of 60 to 80 years having 35(35%) followed by 40 to 60 years 33(33%). The males were more prone to develop renal cysts 55(55%) as compared to females 45(45%). Unilateral cysts were more common 60(30%) as compared to bilateral cysts 40(20%). The occurrence of renal cyst was common in right kidney 65(32.5%) as compared to left kidney 35(17.5%). The renal cysts were commonly present at Cortex 70(70%) and the most common type was simple polycystic kidneys 60(60%). Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of renal cyst is higher in old males specifically in the cortical region. Unilateral polycystic kidneys are most common.