The incidence of anal cancer has increased among HIV-infected patients in France since 1996. Although an ascertainment bias cannot be excluded, data indicate that combination antiretroviral therapy does not prevent anal cancer in these patients. This supports the urgent need for developing anal cancer screening programs for HIV-infected men who have sex with men.

LTNP, elite LTNP, HIV controller, and elite controller patients are rare phenotypes. Elite LTNP patients are less frequent than HIV controllers. There is little overlap among the four subgroups of patients.