Synthetic platforms for mimicking artificial organelles or for designing multivalent protein therapeutics for targeting cell surface, extracellular matrix, and tissues are in the focus of this study. Furthermore, the availability of a multi‐functionalized and stimuli‐responsive carrier system is required that can be used for sequential in situ and/or post loading of different proteins combined with post‐functionalization steps. Until now, polymersomes exhibit excellent key characteristics to fulfill those requirements, which allow specific transport of proteins and the integration of proteins in different locations of polymeric vesicles. Herein, different approaches to fabricate multivalent protein‐loaded, pH‐responsive, and pH‐stable polymersomes are shown, where a combination of therapeutic action and targeting can be achieved, by first choosing two model proteins such as human serum albumin and avidin. Validation of the molecular parameters of the multivalent biohybrids is performed by dynamic light scattering, cryo‐TEM, fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow‐field flow fractionation combined with light scattering techniques. To demonstrate targeting functions of protein‐loaded polymersomes, avidin post‐functionalized polymersomes are used for the molecular recognition of biotinylated cell surface receptors. These versatile protein‐loaded polymersomes present new opportunities for designing sophisticated biomolecular nanoobjects in the field of (extracellular matrix) protein therapeutics.
Conflict of interest (COI) is defined as a circumstance that might create a risk that professional judgments or actions regarding a primary interest, such as research, education or patient care, will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain or personal prestige. The aim of this article is to examine the management of conflict of interest in ten public and ten private Jordanian universities. Sufficient literature review was performed on the COI policies and regulation. Unfortunately, no sufficient COI information has been found from the published research regulations on the universities’ websites. Additionally, the legislation enforced by Ministries of higher education is presented. To conclude, there is a major need for regulation improvement, especially in the management of COI and its declaration processes. University leaders should assess the sufficiency of their COI management systems. Therefore, universities are urged to give immediate attention to reviewing and strengthening their COI policies. The regulations of funding for scientific research, as well as publication rules are not very different for public or private Jordanian universities.
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