Purpose:To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chitosan as root canal irrigant on Enterococcus faecalis in comparison to 3%NaOCL in experimentally infected primary anterior root canals. Materials and methods: Access cavity and mechanical preparation of root canals of 30 extracted primary anterior teeth which were then sterilized at autoclave at 121 0 for 15 minutes. These teeth inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis with reference strain ATCC 19433.Then grouped into three groups which were irrigated with 3%NaOCl, 0.5% chitosan and saline respectively. Samples were cultured on bile auscline agar incubated at 37 0 for 24 hours. Counting of colony forming units formed before and after irrigation was performed. Results: Chitosan had higher antimicrobial effect than saline and lower than NaOCl. Statistical analysis between the groups revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three irrigants (P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Chitosan solution can be used as a natural alternative to sodium hypochlorite in root canal irrigation, but may need to increase its concentration or the time of application inside the root canals and also should be supported by in vivo studies. azhardentj@azhar.edu.eg

Purpose: To compare the adhesion of Streptococcus Mutans to different orthodontic arch wires and also to determine the role of honey as mouth wash during orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: 21 female orthodontic patients their age ranges from18-23 were participated in this study. Nitinol and Stainless steel half arch wires were inserted separately on each half of maxillary arch (split mouth design) for 90 minute before using honey mouth wash, then for another 90 minute 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after using honey mouth wash 2 times per day. On each time, samples of wires which about 10 mm from the distal part of each wire were been cut. The wire samples were placed on Eppendorf tubes and cultured on Mitis Salivarius media in the candle jar 5-10% CO 2 at 37˚C for 2-3 days. Then the amount of Streptococcus Mutans adhesion were measured by Counting of colony forming units Results: Streptococcus Mutans adhesion were higher on Stainless steel wires than Nitinol wires and also were lower at both wires after using honey mouthwash. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between Stainless steel and Nitinol wires and after use of honey mouthwash (P <0.05). Conclusion: Streptococcus Mutans adhesion was higher on Stainless steel wires than Nitinol wires. Honey can be used as a natural antibacterial mouthwash during orthodontic treatment and also should be supported by other studies.