The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of ISSR, SSR, and SAMPL marker systems in detecting genetic polymorphism among 30 winter rye inbred lines and to compare the results of cluster analysis performed on data from these marker systems using different statistical methods and coefficients. Each marker system was able to discriminate among the materials analyzed with the lowest value of average genetic similarity (GS) obtained with ISSR markers (0.2888) and the highest with SAMPLs (0.5381). EST-derived SSRs turned out to be less efficient in detecting genetic diversity than those from genomic libraries (average GS values 0.3814 and 0.3221, respectively). The average GS value for combined SSR data was 0.3569. The lack of correlations between similarity and cophenetic matrices obtained with various methods systems suggests that different marker systems should be used simultaneously for a genetic diversity study to exploit as many sources of polymorphisms as possible.

This study was conducted in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the in vitro culture response of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) immature embryos and immature inflorescences. A genetic linkage map comprising 67 SSRs, 9 ISSRs, 13 SAMPLs, 7 RAPDs, 2 SCARs and one EST marker was created based on the analyses of 102 recombinant inbred lines from the cross between lines L318 (which has a good response in tissue cultures) and L9 (which is unable to regenerate plants from somatic tissues and anthers). The map spans 979.2 cM, and the average distance between markers is 9.9 cM. Two characteristics were evaluated: callus induction (CI) and somatic embryogenesis ability (SE). They were expressed as the percentage of immature embryos/inflorescences producing callus (designated ECI/ICI) and the percentage of explants producing somatic embryos (ESE/ISE). All the analysed traits showed continuous variation in the mapping population but a non-normal frequency distribution. We identified nine putative QTLs controlling the tissue culture response of rye, explaining up to 41.6% of the total phenotypic variation: two QTLs for ECI — eci-1, eci-2; 4 for ESE — ece-1, ese-2, ese-3, ese-4; 2 for ICI — ici-1, ici2; and 1 for ISE — ise-1. They were detected on chromosomes 1R, 4R, 5R, 6R and 7R.

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The rye genomic library, which consists of DNA fragments in the range of 0.5–1.1 kb, was screened for the presence of tri-and tetranucleotide and compound microsatellites. Of the 1,600,000 clones analysed, 102 clones were positive and 41 were suitable for SSR primer pair design. Twenty-six primer pairs amplified specific products, and six of them were capable of detecting polymorphism among 30 rye accessions of different genetic backgrounds. Using a set of Chinese Spring-Imperial wheat-rye addition lines, it was possible to locate 3 newly identified microsatellites on chromosomes 3R, 4R and 7R.

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