Streszczenie. Odpady komunalne stanowią szczególną grupę odpadów, która wymaga specyficznie zorganizowanego systemu logistycznego, który zarządzany jest z poziomu pojedynczej gminy i koordynowany w sakli całego województwa. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych aspektów opisujących stan gospodarki odpadami w województwie śląskim, a zwłaszcza informacje o ilości powstających odpadów oraz regionalną infrastrukturę umożliwiającą zbieranie i przetwarzanie oraz zagospodarowanie odpadów. Całość uzupełniają informacje dotyczące gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego, która stanowi nowe spojrzenie na problem wykorzystania odpadów. Słowa kluczowe: system logistyczny gospodarki odpadami, odpady komunalne, województwo śląskie, gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego Abstract. Municipal waste is a special waste group that requires a specifically organized logistic system, which is managed from the level of a single municipality and coordinated in the entire region. The aim of the article is to present selected aspects describing the state of waste management in the Silesian Voivodeship, in particular information on the amount of waste generated and regional infrastructure enabling collection and processing as well as waste management. The article is complemented by information about the circular economy, which is a new look at the problem of waste utilization.

Dentists often act as primary care physicians. If they are able to identify symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency, dentists can identify the problem at the early stage of the pathology. They can make appropriate referrals to specialists who can make a diagnosis and recommend treatment. Effective treatment may be possible at the stage before neurological symptoms occur, preventing irreversible changes to the body. Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) plays an essential role in many metabolic processes, including biosynthesis of nucleic acids. The clinical manifestations of vitamin B 12 deficiency are highly polymorphic and depend on many factors. This review presents fundamental information about the structure of vitamin B 12 , its dietary sources, up-to-date understanding of its role in the human body and the most important consequences of its deficiency, including manifestations within the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Due to the fact that a large percentage of adults and elderly patients have an undiagnosed vitamin B 12 deficiency it is prudent to screen for vitamin B 12 status. Methylmalonic acid and/or holotranscobalamin II (holoTCII) have been proposed to be the most sensitive assessment methods. Among high risk groups (e.g. the elderly, vegetarians, people with gastrointestinal health conditions), screening should be recommended at each annual examination.

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