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Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a spatial statistical methodology to explore the impact of non-stationarity on the interaction between spatially measured dependent and independent variables. In this paper we use a semi-parametric geographically weighted regression (S-GWR) and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method on a case study on socio-ecological factors on forest vulnerability. The case study is based on community forests in and around the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal, a biodiversity hotspot that is being rapidly degraded by exotic invasive plant species. This research integrated heterogeneous data sources such as observational ecological surveys, household interviews, and remotely sensed imagery. These data were utilized to extract and represent invasive plant species coverage, human activity intensity, topographical parameters and vegetation greenness indices. Research findings both demonstrate the S-GWR method and offer possible interventions that could slow the catastrophic spread of invasive plant species in Chitwan, Nepal.

As a result of uncertain resource availability and growing populations, city managers are implementing conservation plans that aim to provide services for people while reducing household resource use. For example, in the US, municipalities are incentivizing homeowners to replace their water-intensive turfgrass lawns with water-efficient landscapes consisting of interspersed drought-tolerant shrubs and trees with rock or mulch groundcover (e.g. xeriscapes, rain gardens, water-wise landscapes). While these strategies are likely to reduce water demand, the consequences for other ecosystem services are unclear. Previous studies in controlled, experimental landscapes have shown that conversion from turfgrass to shrubs may lead to high rates of nutrient leaching from soils. However, little is known about the longterm biogeochemical consequences of this increasingly common land cover change across diverse homeowner management practices. We explored the fate of soil nitrogen (N) across a chronosequence of land cover change from turfgrass to water-efficient landscapes in privately owned yards in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, in the arid US Southwest. Soil nitrate ( -NO 3 -N) pools were four times larger in water-efficient landscapes (25±4 kg -NO 3 -N/ha; 0-45 cm depth) compared to turfgrass lawns (6±7 kg -NO 3 -N/ha). Soil -NO 3 -N also varied significantly with time since landscape conversion; the largest pools occurred at 9-13 years after turfgrass removal and declined to levels comparable to turfgrass thereafter. Variation in soil -NO 3 -N with landscape age was strongly influenced by management practices related to soil water availability, including shrub cover, sub-surface plastic sheeting, and irrigation frequency. Our findings show that transitioning from turfgrass to water-efficient residential landscaping can lead to an accumulation of -NO 3 -N that may be lost from the plant rooting zone over time following irrigation or rainfall. These results have implications for best management practices to optimize the benefits of water-conserving landscapes while protecting water quality.

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