Infant massage was first introduced in China in 2nd century BC. Massaging the newborn has been a tradition in India and other Asian countries since time immemorial. Various oil-based preparations have been used depending on the regional availability. There has been a recent surge in this ancient art particularly as a therapy among parents and professionals in the Western world. Evidence exists supporting the benefits of touch and massage therapy. We reviewed the literature to look at the various techniques of providing massage, its benefits, possible mechanism of action and adverse effects. The review suggests that massage has several positive effects in terms of weight gain, better sleep-wake pattern, enhanced neuromotor development, better emotional bonding, reduced rates of nosocomial infection and thereby, reduced mortality in the hospitalized patients. Many studies have described the technique and frequency of this procedure. Massage was found to be more useful when some kind of lubricant oil was used. Harmful effects like physical injury and increased risk of infection were encountered when performed inappropriately. The review also discusses the different hypotheses put forward regarding the mechanism of action. As of now there are very few studies describing the long term impact of neonatal massage.

Multiple patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are currently being used in multiple sclerosis (MS) but their application is inconsistent and guidance on the appropriateness of each tool is lacking. The objective of our study was to identify MS-specific PROs and systematically to assess the development process and the reliability and validity of various instruments. A systematic literature search was conducted on multiple data sources, including MEDLINE, Embase (using the Ovid platform) and Google Scholar, from 1996 to March 2015. Search terms included combinations of MS, PROs and quality of life. Randomized controlled trials or observational studies conducted on patients with MS and published in English were included. In addition, the PROQOLID database was explored. The MS-specific PROs were systematically assessed using the Evaluating the Measurement of Patient-Reported Outcomes tool. In total, 8094 articles were screened and 405 PROs were identified from 1102 relevant articles. PROs were classified into MS-specific (n = 82) and non-MS-specific (n = 323). The results for the eight PROs that are most commonly used in MS clinical trials are presented here. For these eight PROs, the overall summary scores ranged between 50.1 and 68.7. The Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 had the best overall mean score (68.7), followed by the Leeds Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life (67.0). This is the first study to provide a standardized assessment of all PROs for MS. There is a lack of data on content validity for PROs used in MS research, which indicates the need for a robust instrument in MS developed according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines.

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma is very unusual malignant neoplasm histologically consisting of an epithelial element and one or more mesenchymal components. This is a report of teratocarcinosarcoma, in a 74-year-old male, involving the right nasal cavity and ethmoids with intracranial extension. The tumour was totally resected via the craniofacial approach and the patient was given post-operative chemotherapy. Extensive tumour necrosis, rapid growth and local destruction are the prominent features of this tumour. The clinical presentation, pathological features and clinical course of this rare malignancy are discussed with a review of the literature.

Nasal myiasis is a manifestation of the nasal cavities by larvae of the fly of genus Chrysomia. It is prevalent in tropical countries. Atrophic rhinitis is the most commonest predisposing factor for this condition. The maggots can cause extensive erosion of the nose, face and intra-cranial structures occasionally causing meningitis and death. Conservative management by packing the nose with a chloroform and turpentine (1:4) mixture followed by manual removal of the dead maggots is an effective method. Recurrence is known but partial closure of both nostrils to improve the condition of nasal mucosa is the important part of management. IntroductionNasal myiasis is a demoralizing condition seen in tropical countries. It is frequently known as Peenash and Scholechiasis. It is the infestation of the nasal cavities by maggots, the larvae of the fly (genus Chrysomia). In India it is usually seen after/during the rainy season i.e. September to November. In the present series the clinical presentation, treatment and rehabilitative aspects of 252 cases are discussed and the literature reviewed.

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