Retrieval of multimedia has become a requirement for many contemporary information systems. These systems need to provide browsing, querying, navigation, and, sometimes, composition capabilities involving various forms of media. In this survey, we review techniques for text, image, audio and video retrieval. We first look at indexing and retrieval techniques for text, audio, image and video. We also discuss features visual features for video retrieval such as colour, texture, shape. The indexing techniques are discussed for these features. We also compare most popular techniques used for indexing and retrieval.

In next generation wireless network the most desirable feature is its ability to move seamlessly over various access network regardless of the network infrastructure is used. The handover between these dissimilar networks can be explored by using vertical handover algorithms. This paper focuses on the vertical handover decision methods and algorithms effectiveness. Most of the algorithms which are based on RSS values provide vertical handover with small delay at a lower rate of throughput. There are such algorithms which provide significant improvements in throughput but at a cost of higher delays. As per the need for the real time applications in next generation wireless networks there is a requirement of developing new optimized algorithms that are able to produce high throughput and minimizing signalling cost and delay.

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