absorption of calcium and phosphate. Vitamin D was long known to be a major player in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Vitamin D was first discovered at the beginning of the 20th century as a missing nutrient in children with severe bone demineralization, a disease called rickets. In humans, the most important related compounds of vitamin D are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). [1] Vitamin D2 is synthesized by plants (mainly mushrooms and yeast), whereas vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin when it is exposed to ultraviolet B rays from sunlight or from artificial food source such as fatty fish, eggs, beef liver, and mushrooms. So, it is also called " sunshine vitamin." [2] Background: Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. Vitamin D is a major player in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. In humans, the most important compounds of vitamin D are vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Most of the vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin when it is exposed to ultraviolet B rays from sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. Deficiency of vitamin D results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage, which leads to bone-softening diseases. Objective: To find out the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in well socioeconomic population of Ahmedabad,

Introduction: The development of aspiration cytology is one of the biggest advances in anatomic pathology. Cancer has become one of the 10 leading causes of death in India. Head and neck neoplasia is a major form of cancer in India, accounting for 23% of all cancers in males and 6% in females. The advantages of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are: it is safe, sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of malignancy, gives a rapid report, requires little equipment, causes minimal discomfort to the patient, is an out patient procedure, repeatable and cost effective avoids the use of frozen section, reduces the rate of exploratory procedures and allows a definitive diagnosis of inoperable cases. FNAC is of particular relevance in head and neck lesions because of easy assessibility, excellent patient compliance, minimally invasive nature of procedure and helping to avoid surgery in non-neoplastic lesions, inflammatory conditions and also some tumors.

The G6PD deficiency increases hemoglobin vulnerability to oxidative damage, leading to hemoglobin instability and precipitation of Heinz bodies. [1] G6PD deficiency is the most common red cell enzyme abnormality associated with hemolysis. It is also known to be associated with neonatal jaundice, kernicterus, and even death. The marked elevation of bilirubin levels that sometimes occurs in the neonatal period raises the risk of kernicterus. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia often arises in association with Gilbert's syndrome. [2,3] It affects over 400 million people worldwide. [4] G6PD deficiency occurs with increased frequency throughout Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. In the United States, black males are most commonly affected, with a prevalence of approximately 10%. [5] The global distribution and health burden of G6PD deficiency has Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme essential for basic cellular functions, including protection of red cell proteins from oxidative damage. G6PD deficiency is the most common red cell enzyme abnormality associated with hemolysis as well as with neonatal jaundice, kernicterus, and even death. It plays a protective role against malaria. It is a genetically inherited sex-linked abnormality. Objectives: To determine the age, sex, and different community-wise incidence of G6PD deficiency in neonatal subjects having neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

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Background: Papulonodular lesion of the skin is a more common variety. Various types of diseases manifested with papulonodular lesions surface, for example, infectious diseases, benign neoplastic diseases, and malignant tumors as well as metastatic tumors. Therefore, a brief idea about the clinical history, age, sex, and various sites of lesion is important. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of different infectious, benign, and malignant diseases manifested with papulonodular lesions. To study the various papulonodular lesions of skin in relation to different age group, sex, and location. To compare our observation with that of other authors and to correlate clinical data with that of histopathological study.