In this paper, we examine the convergence hypothesis using a long memory framework that allows for structural breaks and does not rely on a benchmark country using both univariate and multivariate estimates of the long memory parameter d. Using per capita GDP gaps, we confirm the findings of non‐stationarity and long memory behavior that have been found previously in the literature using univariate tests. However, the support for these findings is much weaker when using a multivariate framework, in which case we find more evidence of stationary behavior. Based on these results, we also investigate club formation, something that would suggest the presence of conditional convergence. We describe a club formation methodology using the sequential testing criteria that we have employed in our analysis as the basis for forming clusters or clubs of countries with similar convergence characteristics.

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The aim of this study is to investigate work-related injuries, exposures and their reasons that 112 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel encounter during the treatment and care of the patient, depending on the ergonomics of the interior design of an ambulance. A questionnaire was designated to identify the challenges faced by 112 EMS personnel. A pilot study was conducted to determine the convenience of the questionnaire. After confirming the questionnaire, it was applied to a total of 90 voluntary participants in 13 stations of EMS in Eskişehir between June and July 2017. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 24 packet program. According to the findings, the participants were exposed to; problems due to hit on sharp corners (87%), problems due to slamming of the door (83%), exposures in treatment on the stretcher (69%), stuck during stretcher movement (%64), unable to reach the patient (at sitting position) during intervention in the ambulance (59%) and waste box problem (59%). Of the exposures faced, 83% are due to interior design framework, 82% are because of narrowness of the cabin and 81% are due to the fact that the layout of interior compartment was not ergonomic. According to the results of analysis obtained by the questionnaire data, it is essential to make some improvements in terms of ergonomics in the ambulance interior design in order to make working conditions of ambulance staff of 112 EMS more eligible.