Topical prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) analogs are widely used as the first line of therapy for glaucoma. Systemic PGF2α is suggested to increase blood pressure. Some ophthalmic formulations with β-receptor blocking or α-receptor stimulating actions are reported to cause systemic adverse events such as a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between topical Key words prostaglandin F2α analog; blood pressure elevation; spontaneous reporting database; adverse event; reporting odds ratio Glaucoma is a progressive, chronic condition prevalent worldwide that causes damage to the optic nerve, resulting in irreversible visual impairment and blindness. Based on the status of the internal drainage system, this condition is divided into two major subtypes i.e., open angle and angle closure.1) Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the best ways to prevent the development of glaucoma, although there is a kind of open angle glaucoma in which optic neuropathy occurs without IOP exceeding the normal range. The approximate number of glaucoma patients was 60.5 million in 2010 and is estimated to increase to 79.6 million by 2020.2)

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In cooking that there are solid foods in soup, natural convection flow in a pan may affect food quality. This study shows the visualization and quantification of the flow in the pan using developed new tracer particle during the induction heating (IH) and the gas heating. Development of the tracer particle imitated the method of making an artificial salmon roe. The density of the tracer particle could be adjusted to be the same as water. The average diameter of the tracer particle was 2.5 mm when the tracer particle was made by the diameter of the tip apex was 1 mm. Water flow in the pan was able to be visualized by using the tracer particle. In addition, at the IH and the gas heating, the position and flow velocity of the tracer particle in three dimensions were able to be measured by taking a picture using two video cameras set above and inside the pan. When the amount of energy entering into the pan is the same during the both heating, the flow velocity at initial stage of the IH was faster than that of the gas heating.

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