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LNF can be safely performed without the routine use of an oesophageal bougie and this practice does not result in increased post-operative dysphagia rates.

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape ManagementPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:Abstract. A number of legislative bodies in Europe have already made or are currently considering making policy decisions on the issue of smoking in public places. Policy alternatives have been discussed in Town and Country Planning (2002). In the last decade, the scientific evidence relating to this debate has been reported in a diverse range of publications such as the British Medical Journal, Indoor Air and The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers journal. On inspection much of this reporting concludes negatively on the performance of ventilation systems. In this paper, a critical review is undertaken of the "before and after smoking ban" study papers. This paper aims to critically review the findings of these studies in relation to ventilation and draw some working conclusions from these studies.

Understanding the temporal variability in the concentration of airborne PM 10 can be of benefit as it would lead to more reliable models that can inform the monitoring and control of air pollution. Established forecasting approaches are generally data driven and offer little in terms of furthering the understanding of the dynamics of data. A variability decomposition (VD) based transfer function model can be used to decompose variability in time series data into inherent and external, thus concentrating on modelling only the external variability as a function of the model inputs.The VD approach was used to model the multi-year maximum daily PM 10 concentration recorded in St Leonards, Edinburgh using historic values and PM 10 concentrations recorded at the Grangemouth monitoring station situated 19 miles to the North West using two established approaches as benchmarks. The results indicate that the transfer function models using the Grangemouth data were superior to the univariate model in terms of the RMSE and MAPE. The performance of the VD transfer function model was comparable to the benchmark in terms of forecast accuracy, but superior in providing improved physical interpretation of the model components