Sonokembang (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is native of Asia trees, and commonly planted in large numbers as shade trees along roads in Malang. Research was conducted on 76 roads to identify damage intensity of dying trees on sonokembang and clarify the causal agent of dying trees in Malang from May to December 2012. Seven variables was also investigated such as characteristic of tree`s damage, distribution of holes based on sunlight exposure, vertical position of stem, and stem diameter, morphological characteristic of beetle, the intensity of dying trees, and distribution of dying trees. Results showed that there were unique damaging characteristic such as dying and then fallen leaves, holes on the stem and branches, and frass production. Euplatypus parallelus Fabricius was identified as a causal agent of dying sonokembang. There were some indications shown such as beetles preferred to attack stem side with much sunlight exposure, upper stem and medium or bigger size of stem diameter. From 3,206 trees on 76 roads, 69.7% were found dying trees. In dry and rainy season, the intensity of dying trees increased from 8.14 to 9.76% and from 10.26 to 10.79%, respectively.
Sonokembang (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in Batu city, East Java. In 2012 and 2013, there were some dying trees of sonokembang along the road of Batu city, and there were some indications that the signs and symptoms might be related to the ambrosia beetle samples from Batu. To clarify the precise condition, identification of beetle samples was needed in this research. Based on survey and sample collections conducted in Batu from the early July 2013 to the end of March 2014, characteristic of damage on trees was observed together with the presence of beetle collected. Identification was based on morphological characters such as posterior elytral declivities and body size of male, and mycangia on female`s pronotum. Based on the morphological characters, there were some special characters which described such as 1) the body size of female adult was bigger than male adult, 2) elytral declivities on male adult was unique, and 3) there was mycangia on pronotum of female adults. Morphological characters showed that the ambrosia beetle attacked on sonokembang belonged to Treptoplatypus micrurus Schedl. This ambrosia beetle species seems to be the responsible agent that caused dying trees of sonokembang.
Smoking is one of the preservation processes that are widely used in fishery products. To date, the fish smoking process has not been standardized so that the quality and shelf life of products are varied. Therefore, the optimization of fish smoking is essential. This study aims to determine the optimization of the smoking process of stingrays to obtain smoked stingrays which have a long shelf life and high sensory value that consumers like. This study used the Response Surface Method (RSM) using three independent variables, including the soaking time of stingrays in liquid smoke (2-4 hours), smoking temperature (60-80°C), and smoking time (3-5 hours). The storage time (days) and consumer preferences (value) were measured in this study. The results showed that stingrays soaked in liquid smoke for 3 hours, heated to 86.8°C for 3 hours, showed the best results with a shelf life of up to 9 days and most preferred by consumers. This result can be made as a recommendation for the standardization of stingray smoking.
Sonokembang (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in Batu city, East Java. In 2012 and 2013, there were some dying trees of sonokembang along the road of Batu city, and there were some indications that the signs and symptoms might be related to the ambrosia beetle samples from Batu. To clarify the precise condition, identification of beetle samples was needed in this research. Based on survey and sample collections conducted in Batu from the early July 2013 to the end of March 2014, characteristic of damage on trees was observed together with the presence of beetle collected. Identification was based on morphological characters such as posterior elytral declivities and body size of male, and mycangia on female`s pronotum. Based on the morphological characters, there were some special characters which described such as 1) the body size of female adult was bigger than male adult, 2) elytral declivities on male adult was unique, and 3) there was mycangia on pronotum of female adults. Morphological characters showed that the ambrosia beetle attacked on sonokembang belonged to Treptoplatypus micrurus Schedl. This ambrosia beetle species seems to be the responsible agent that caused dying trees of sonokembang.
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