The present study was carried out for detection and identification of the isolated FMDV from infected tissue samples using serotyping antigen detection ELISA kit (IZSLER ELISA Kit).Thirty six lesion samples were collected from different localities (Menofia, Gharbia, Kalyoubia, Giza and Sharquia governorates) during the period from May 2014 to July 2015.The obtained results indicated that clinically, unvaccinated infected cattle in Gharbia governorate 2014were positive to FMDV infection serotype O. Samples collected from infected, vaccinated cattle and buffaloes in Kalyoubia governorate during 2015 were positive to FMDV infection serotype O. Clinically infected cattle and buffaloes in Menofia governorate during 2015 seven samples were positive to FMDV infection, which serotyped as five samples were serotype O & two samples were SAT-2. Clinically infected cattle and buffaloes in Giza governorate during 2015 sixteen samples were positive to FMDV infection, which eight samples from them serotyped as SAT-2 & seven samples from them were serotype O & one of them was serotyped A. Clinically infected un vaccinated cattle in Sharquia governorate 2015 three samples were positive to FMDV infection serotype A. We concluded that large number of both vaccinated and un vaccinated animals in these governorates affected by FMDV infection by its different serotypes in the period of the study, and there are different factors affecting prevalence of FMDV as (age, state of vaccination, type of vaccination, sex, season and species).

Proper application of hygienic measures is very essential to reduce the risk of infectious agents and increase the profitability of poultry farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted on twelve Egyptian poultry farms in Qalyubia Governorate with different types of housing systems and productions. A total number of 2160 samples included litter, feed, water, droppings and dust. Moreover, swabs from walls, birds' cloaca, workers' hands, and wheels of vehicles. The hygienic level of different poultry farms was evaluated according to the hygiene scoring system, the aerobic plate count (APC) and the percent of isolated Salmonella. The results showed a huge range in the hygienic level of poultry farms under study, the hygiene scores of different poultry farms ranged from (31.7%) to (90%). The APC of collected samples ranged from (log 3.78 CFU/g) to (log 12.31 CFU/g). In addition, the mean percentage of Salmonella in different poultry farms was (20%). Pen litter had the highest mean of APC (log 10.02 CFU/g) and Salmonella percentage (49.5%). A highly significant increase (P > 0.05) in the APC and Salmonella percentage was recorded in poultry farms with low hygienic levels. The poultry farms' hygiene is the strongest shield that protects the farm from the risks of bacterial contamination and many dangerous diseases that may be transmitted from the farm environment to the birds, thus preventing large economical loss and serious public health hazards. Poultry farms Bacterial contamination Aerobic plate count Salmonella Biosecurity

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The development and implementation of a biosecurity plan in a poultry production enterprise, require a documented approach and scoring systems to rank biosecurity protocols and their implementation. Hence, this study was carried out to monitor some biosecurity measures applied in different poultry farms and its effect on the presence of some pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli, Pasteurella and Campylobacter in different poultry farm's production. The obtained results showed that the highest incidence of isolated pathogenic bacteria was in the duck farms. The incidence of E.coli spp was (61%), Pasterulla spp was (18.52%) and Campylobacter spp was (43.5%) in duck farms. There was a negative relationship between the application of biosecurity measures and the isolation of pathogenic bacteria in poultry farm's production. The EaeA and Stx1 virulence genes were detected from some serotypes of E.coli; while the virulence genes pfhA and hgbB were isolated from some P. multocida serotypes. Also, the cdtB and cdtC virulence genes were recovered from Campylobacter serotypes. Finally, the biosecurity measures are essential for the success of poultry production. Indeed, biosecurity measures reduce the risk of introducing pathogens during the poultry production cycle; In addition, it reduces financial losses through decreased mortality rates and treatment costs.