The effect of fulvic acid on cadmium (Cd) toxicity, the impact on fish immunological, and haematological changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromius niloticus) were studied. The fish (100±10g) were exposed to 10 ppm Cd alone or with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ppm for 15 and 45 days. Cd exposure reduced significantly (P<0.04), for example the erythrocyte count (RBCs), haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit value (Hct), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration. These parameters were improved when fulvic acid was applied with Cd. The values of RBCs, Hb, Hct, MCH and MCHC were increased significantly in the control fish group. The addition of fulvic acid to Cd contaminated medium considerably reduced metal absorption and accumulation in fish tissues, while metals in water and faeces increased. Fish exposed to Cd alone accumulated 2.15 and 5.970 mg Cd/g dry weight in the liver tissue over 15 and 45 days, respectively. Cd reduced significantly to 1.292 and 4.16.; 0.92 and 3.791; and 0.41 and 2.43 mg Cd/g dry weight tissue in fish exposed to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3g fulvic acid/L over 15 and 45 days, respectively. Similar trends were observed in gills and musculature.

Histopathological changes induced by ectoparasites on gills and skin of Oreochromis niloticus (Burchell 1822

No abstract

The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the mechanisms used to reduce the Poverty rate and improving the standard of living in the area of the study. Descriptive Analytical method was used. The primary data has been collected by using a questionnaire as the main tool of data collection from poor who have given projects during the period of study. A random sample consists of sixty persons was selected. The study concluded to the many results, the most important one is the effective role of the tools in reducing poverty in the state has been realized due to the analysis proved by Chi-Square indication of 0.05 reflected that there is an inverse relationship having a positive impact statistically between the projects of Zakat Chamber, microfinance and voluntary organizations and bettering livelihoods level in the state. The study recommended that the necessity for Zakat Chamber, microfinance and voluntary organizations to supervise and follow up the projects that given to poor in order to sustain their successfulness.