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Sebagian besar pasien penyakit ginjal stadium akhir (ESRD) yang menyebabkan hemodialisis, dapat mengalami hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas dan efek samping penggunaan antihipertensi  amlodipin tunggal dan kombinasi amlodipin dengan telmisartan,  dan kombinasi  amlodipin dengan Valsartan  pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik selama rawat inap di RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di ruangan rekam medik RSUP Wahidin Sudirohusodo  selama periode September sampai oktober 2018. penelitian ini merupakan  penelitian observasional noneksperimental. pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif. pengambilan data berdasarkan rekam medik pasien gagal ginjal kronik  (ESRD) yang mendapat  terapi obat antihipertensi amlodipin tunggal, amlodipin kombinasi telmisartan, amlodipin kombinasi valsartan periode Januari sampai Agustus 2018. Dari hasil penelitian dengan melihat persen penurunan dan waktu penurunan tekanan darah pasien dan efek samping  maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kombinasi amlodipin dan telmisartan paling efektif di antara amlodipin tunggal dan amlodipin  kombinasi valsartan dalam menurunkan hipertensi pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik . Efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari kelompok amlodipin  dalah adalah  udem  sebanyak  7,14%, efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari kelompok amlodipin kombinasi Telmisartan adalah hiperkalemia sebanyak 14,28 %, dan efek samping yang ditimbulkan oleh kelompok amlodipin kombinasi valsartan adalah pusing  sebanyak 14, 28 %

Background: NAFLD is an independent risk factor of CKD. CKD prevalences in NAFLD subjects are two times higher than non-NAFLD. The aim of this study is to know the correlation between NAFLD and CKD. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who held Abdominal USG in Wahidin Sudirohusodo & UNHAS hospital from January to December 2017. NAFLD subjects are male and female (18-60 years) who met NAFLD criteria and wanted to participate, non-NAFLD as control subjects. NAFLD is fat accumulation in hepatocyte without a history of alcohol consumption or other etiology of chronic liver disease. CKD definition and classification were based on KDIGO 2012. P value <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: From the study period, we found 134 subjects (67 NAFLD subjects and 67 non-NAFLD subjects). Correlation analysis between NAFLD and eGFR showed that NAFLD subjects had more proportion of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 than non-NAFLD subjects (40.3% vs 16.4%, p=0.002). NAFLD subjects significantly had more proportion of CKD Grade 3 than non-NAFLD subjects (37.3% vs 9%) while non-NAFLD subjects had more proportion of CKD Grade 1 and 2 than NAFLD subjects (56.7% vs 38.8% dan 26.9% vs 20.9%)(p=0.001). Correlation analysis between NAFLD and proteinuria did not show significant results (p=0.051). Conclusion: NAFLD subjects correlated with CKD events compared with non-NAFLD subjects.

Candlenut shell was used as the precursor for activated carbon-based electrodes which prepared through two stages, namely carbonization and activation. The surface of the activated carbon was modified with HNO3. Characterization of carbons and activated carbon was performed by SEM, BET, FT-IR test and capacitance analysis using Cyclic Voltammetry. The result of SEM analysis shows that carbon pore formation has occurred after activation with H3PO4. The surface area of carbon and activated carbon determined by the BET method is 125,828 m2/g and 142,435 m2/g, respectively. The results of FTIR and Boehm titration analysis showed an increase in oxygen-containing functional groups after modification with HNO3. Based on the results of the analysis using Cyclic Voltammetry obtained the highest specific capacitance of unmodified activated carbon is 145.49 mF/g in H2SO4 0.5M electrolyte. In addition, the highest specific capacitance of activated carbon modified with HNO3 is 155.92 mF/g obtained in HCl 0.1 M electrolyte. In the same condition, the contribution of salt electrolyte (Na2SO4 0.5 M and 0.1 M) in the specific capacitance of candlenut shell based supercapacitor electrodes is a little bit lower compared to the acid electrolytes.