The results suggest that Sal B induces the expression of GRP78 by activating ATF6 and the PERK-eIF2 alpha-ATF4 pathway. Furthermore, up-regulation of GRP78 by Sal B may play an important role in protecting human endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage.

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Clotrimazole (CT), which is an imidazole derivative, is widely and effectively used for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.1) Unfortunately, oral use of CT is unacceptable due to the severe side effects. Thus, topical administration of CT is recommended. However, it is limited by its very low water solubility resulting in the essential to incorporate CT into a suitable vehicle. Commercially conventional CT vaginal delivery systems, such as creams, foams, and gells, are considered to reside for a relatively short period of time at the targeted site. The entrapment of drug in vesicles is viewed to help in the localized delivery of the drug and an improved solubility and availability of the drug at the site will reduce the dose.As can be known, liposomes are starting to be widely investigated in topical applications for the skin, 2-4) oral 5) and vaginal diseases. 6,7) Liposomes have been shown to enhance the penetration of vesicle-bound-drugs into the skin, after topical application, acting as a "drug localizers," with low systemic absorption of the drugs, in comparison to other galenical formulation, resulting in less drug side-effect and sustained drug releasing. 2)But liposomes still have physical stability problems associated with the aqueous suspension such as aggregation, fusion limit their shelf life. Concern on these problems, these stability problems can be avoided by formulating liposomes as proliposomes. Proliposomes are dry, free-flowing products, which, on addition of water, disperse to form a liposomal suspension.8) Thus, it can be fabricated in various dosage forms including tablets and capsules which were more convenient for vaginal administration than liposomes solution. In addition, proliposomes have a number of advantages over liposomes. For example, they tolerate sterilization by ultraviolet and are much more stable physicochemically. Proliposomes offer a versatile liposomes delivery concept with potential for use with a wide range of active compounds and various drug administration routines. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In present study it was to investigate the feasibility of proliposomes to formulate the vaginal administration of CT. Proliposomes are formed by penetrating organic solution of CT and phosphatidylcholine (PC) into microporous sorbitol particles, followed by vacuum evaporation of the solvent method. Formulations composed of egg phospholipid, cholesterol compositions have been characterized by encapsulation efficiency. In addition, we are investigating the optimized resultant liposomes in vitro release study. Furthermore, we describes an attempt to achieve the antifungal activity more efficiency followed by a prolonged delivery of CT via a vaginal application of appropriate dosage forms of CT. A physical mixture of CT and sorbitol was also prepared and compared for antifungal efficiency with proliposomes following vaginal application in rats. Further, proliposomes system was evaluated by tolerability on tissue level in rat. ExperimentalMaterials Clotrimazole (CT) and Egg ph...

Abstract. Brain-pancreas relative protein (BPRP) is a novel protein that we found in our laboratory. Previously we demonstrated that it is involved in ischemia and depression. In light of the putative association between diabetes and clinical depression, and the selective expression of BPRP in brain and pancreas, the present study examined whether BPRP levels are affected by induction of diabetes by alloxan injection in rats and exposure to high glucose levels in PC12 cells. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that BPRP levels were decreased in the hippocampal CA1 neurons of diabetic rats 4 and 8 weeks post-alloxan injection and in PC12 cells 48 h after exposure to high concentrations of glucose. BPRP protein levels were not affected by osmolarity control treatments with mannitol. Follow-up pharmacological experiments in PC12 cells revealed that glucose-induced BPRP down-regulation was markedly attenuated by the calpain inhibitors N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) or calpeptin, but not the proteasome-specific inhibitor carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132). The ability of calpain inhibitors to specifically counter the effects of high glucose exposure on BPRP levels further suggests that BPRP and calpain activity may contribute to diabetes complications in the central nervous system.

Background and Objective: The aim of this article, was the definition, and targets of possible mechanisms of Yin lai Decoction by retrieving the