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This study investigated understanding of and misconceptions with fractions in college students enrolled in a remedial mathematics course. Data were collected from 22 college students for one semester. The analysis of 41 fraction problems revealed that participants' common misconceptions were associated with a lack of understanding of basic definition of fractions, least common denominators/least common multiples, and order of operations. In addition, some students were able to recall the procedures but could not compute fractions accurately due to the misconceptions listed above.

The purpose of this study is to explore how the integration of online discussion into a mathematics methods course affected pre-service teachers’ learning. Students’ transcription of online discussion was analyzed using a mixed methods approach, combining computer-mediated discourse analysis and Chi-square test analysis. The data revealed that the online discussion helped pre-service teachers not only deepen their learning of mathematics methods, but also demonstrated their abilities to teach mathematics in different ways. It also indicated that the depth of their learning depended on the levels of threads and topics of discussion. Deep learning occurs 1) more often in the first level thread than subsequent level threads, and 2) in discussion topics, primarily those related to practice-based issues rather than theory-based topics.

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate cell viability, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoenhancing activity using various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye. Methods : In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated production levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, and nitric oxide(NO) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was measured by using Griess reagent. Cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by Luminex and ROS was measured by Flow cytometry. Results : No cytotoxicity of various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. Productions of ROS in RAW 264.7 cells were increased from extraction of bones and decreased from extraction of skin. Also, productions of NO in RAW 264.7 cells were increased to bone extract and decreased at skin extract. In addition, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were decreased at skin, meat extracts, respectively. Finally, the levels of immune-related cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) were increased compared to those of the normal group. Conclusions : It is concluded that Yeonsan Ogye extracts seem to have significant biological activities likes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immuno-enhancing etc. These results may be developed as a raw material for new health food and new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory and oxidative stress. In terms of oriental traditional medicine, we expect that it contribute to building of EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) from the this result.