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OPs have been used to evaluate retinal function in both diabetic models and patients. The comparison of amplitude-matched OPs is a robust determinant of changes in kinetics. Researchers and clinicians who use OPs may wish to consider the relationship between OP amplitude and kinetics to avoid confounding assessments of abnormalities. The amplitude versus kinetics relationship does not change form in diabetic animals; it is merely shifted (delayed) on the time axis.

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COMPLICATIONS diabetes (DoD) and poor glycemic control (2). Genetic factors are also implicated, with heritability of 52% for proliferative DR (PDR) (3,4). Several candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted (5-11). Although several polymorphisms have been suggested to be associated with DR, few have been convincingly replicated (10,12-15). There are several reasons why studies have not yielded consistent findings. The genetic effects are likely modest, and identification requires large sample sizes. Previous studies have not consistently accounted for the strongest two covariates, DoD and glycemic control. Liability threshold (LT) modeling is one way to incorporate these covariates while also increasing statistical power (16). Finally,