1 Lipoxins (LX) and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxins (ATL) exert potent anti-inflammatory actions. In the present study, we determined the anti-inflammatory efficacy of endogenous LXA 4 and LXB 4 , the stable ATL analog ATLa2, and a series of novel 3-oxa-ATL analogs (ZK-996, ZK-990, ZK-994, and ZK-142) after intravenous, oral, and topical administration in mice. 2 LXA 4 , LXB 4 , ATLa2, and ZK-994 were orally active, exhibiting potent systemic inhibition of zymosan A-induced peritonitis at very low doses (50 ng kg À1-50 mg kg À1 ). 3 Intravenous ZK-994 and ZK-142 (500 mg kg À1) potently attenuated hind limb ischemia/ reperfusion-induced lung injury, with 32712 and 5375% inhibition (Po0.05), respectively, of neutrophil accumulation in lungs. The same dose of ATLa2 had no significant protective action. 4 Topical application of ATLa2, ZK-994, and ZK-142 (B20 mg cm À2) prevented vascular leakage and neutrophil infiltration in LTB 4 /PGE 2 -stimulated ear skin inflammation. While ATLa2 and ZK-142 displayed approximately equal anti-inflammatory efficacy in this model, ZK-994 displayed a slower onset of action. 5 In summary, native LXA 4 and LXB 4 , and analogs ATLa2, ZK-142, and ZK-994 retain broad antiinflammatory effects after intravenous, oral, and topical administration. The 3-oxa-ATL analogs, which have enhanced metabolic and chemical stability and a superior pharmacokinetic profile, provide new opportunities to explore the actions and therapeutic potential for LX and ATL.

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A previously developed one-dimensional reactor model was employed to understand the effects of pellet size and geometry on the performance of a wall-cooled multitubular fixed-bed Fischer−Tropsch reactor for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. The effects of pellet size/shape on catalyst effectiveness, bed void fraction, and overall heat transfer coefficient were studied through a comprehensive parametric study of a reactor with cobalt catalyst. The relative impact of each of these parameters on the overall required amount of catalyst was also determined. The simulations show that the amount of catalyst required to achieve a specified conversion increases with pellet size and shape in the order: trilobes < hollow cylinders < cylinders < spheres. The pressure drop per unit length can be significantly reduced and the catalyst effectiveness increased by using advanced extrudates, i.e., trilobes or hollow cylinders.

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